Bush v. Dunham

By the Court, Green, J. In order clearly to understand what it is necessary to allege in a complaint of this kind, it will be necessary to examine the statute above referred to {Revised Statutes, p. 542), in order to determine what facts must exist to enable a complainant to recover his possession. Prior to the revision of 1846, the laws in relation to forcible entries and detainers, and the recovery of the possession of land in certain other eases, were in a very confused state, and the important jurisdiction of these classes of cases was in the hands of Justices of the Peace. By the Revised Statutes, original jurisdiction was conferred upon Circuit Court Commissioners, and Judges of the Circuit and County Courts, and the mode of proceeding was so simplified, and the circumstances under which summary proceedings might be had for recovering the possession of land so defined, that little difficulty would seem necessarily [343] to arise in determining the right, or pursuing the remedy. For the purposes of this suit, it will only be necessary to analyze a portion of the first subdivision of Chapter 123, entitled, “Of forcible Entries and Detainers.” The first section inhibits the entry into lands, tenements, or other possessions, but in cases where entry is given by law ; and in such cases, entry is allowed only in a peaceable manner, and without force. The second section provides that, “When any forcible entry shall be made, or when an entry shall be made in a peaceable manner, and the possession shall be unlawfully withheld by force, the person entitled to the premises may be restored to the possession thereof, in the manner hereinafter provided.” This section very clearly provides for a restoration in two classes of cases-: 1. When the entry is by force, although entry may be given by law ; and, 2. When the entry is peaceable, but not given by law, and therefore prohibited, and the possession is unlawfully held by force; in other words, in the cases and under the circumstances in which an entry is inhibited by the first section. The entry in both these cases must be nmlawful, as is clear from the provisions of the second subdivision of this chapter, which provides a mode of proceeding, and form of complaint, by the person entitled to the premises in the classes of cases therein enumerated, in which the entry was lawful, but the right of possession under it has ceased. In the first case, it is unlawful, because made by force ; in the second case, it is unlawful, because it is not given by law, and is, therefore, inhibited. But in every case provided for by this chapter, the person entitled to the possession, and he only, can be restored thereto. The third section enacts, that “the person entitled to the possession of the premises may make complaint in writing, and on oath, and deliver the same to a Circuit Court Com [344] missioner, or a Judge of the Circuit or County Court for the County, setting forth that the ¡person complained of is in pocsession of the lands or tenements in question, describing them, and that he entered the same with force, or that he unlawfully holds the same by force, as the case may be.” The form of complaint indicated by this section is very general, and it evidently does not contemplate the setting forth of the particulars of the complainant’s right, or of the forcible entry or detainer, but enough must be set forth to show that the Court has jurisdiction. The true rule is laid down by Whipple, J., in the case of Caswell vs. Ward (2 Doug., 376), and affirmed in Royce vs. Bradburn (Ib., 377). He says : “ In order to give the Court below jurisdiction in a case under the chapter respecting ‘forcible entry and detainer,’ and the acts amendatory thereto, it is necessary that the complaint should embody such a statement of facts as brings the party clearly within some one of that class of cases for which a remedy is provided.” This is a special proceeding, and unless the complaint shows that the person complaining is entitled to the possession, a case is not made which would authorize the issuing of a warrant. The complaint performs the office of a declaration, and must be pleaded to, and must be such that if the defendant pleads guilty thereto, as he may do, the complainant will be entitled thereupon to a judgment of restitution, without further showing. {Section 9, of Ghwpter 123.) The allegation that the complainant is entitled to the possession of the premises, must be contained in the complaint, or it must set forth such facts as clearly show his right to the possession; or the admission of the truth of the complaint by a plea of guilty, would not entitle him to a restoration of the possession. The rule that in pleading, every implication will be taken most strongly against the pleader, ajjplies with full force in cases of this character ; so that when a fact is sought to be [345] shown in pleading by implication, it ought to be supported by such facts as preclude any other implication than that which is sought to be established. The complaint in this case charges the defendant with a forcible detainer of the premises, but does not connect him in any way with the forcible entry, nor show any privity between him and the disseizors, nor does it set forth any facts from which the complainant’s right of possession as against the defendant, is necessarily implied. The forcible entry was mofe than three months before the making of the complaint,' and it. is perfectly consistent with- every allegation of fact contained in the complaint, that Dunham should have entered into the possession of the premises peaceably and lawfully, and even with the consent of the-complainant. Perhaps this question and discussion may be best elucidated by suggesting the form of a complaint, when the entry has been máde by force. In that case, the following general form embodies the facts required by the statute to be shown: County, os. : H. ~W. B., being duly sworn, makes complaint, and on his oath says, that heretofore, to wit, on the-day of--, A. D. ■-, he was in the quiet and peaceable possession of the following described lands and premises, situate in-, in the County aforesaid, to wit: (here describe the premises with sufficient certainty) and that on the day and year last aforesaid, J. D. unlawfully and with force and violence, entered into the said lands and premises^ and ejected and expelled this complainant therefrom, and has ever since continued, and is now in the possession of the said lands and premises, contrary to the statute in such case made and provided, and that this complainant is well entitled to the possession thereof, wherefore he prays that he may be restored' to the possession of the same. Upon an issue joined upon this complaint, that issue would be maintained on the part of the complainant, by showing [346] his own possession, his forcible dispossession by the defendant, and the continued possession under such forcible entry. This would show the complainant entitled to the possession, for the defendant’s possession being unlawful, he could not be permitted to set up any title or right of entry in himself until the possession had been restored. Where the proceeding is had to recover the possession of land, on the ground of a forcible detainer, when the entry was peaceable, the form above given can easily be varied, so as to adapt it to such a case. The most familiar illustration of this latter class of cases is, where lands or tenements which are occupied, are quietly entered upon by one having no right, and who is, therefore, a trespasser. The owner having in law the constructive possession, may lawfully remove and expel the trespasser, if he can do so without committing* a breach of the peace; and if, in attempting to do so, the' trespasser resists him, and detains the possession by force, the owner is entitled to restitution under the statute. In such a case, it would be necessary to allege in the complaint, that the party is entitled to the possession,' and to prove it by showing his title, because, not being in the actual possession, he must in that way establish his constructive possession, and thus put the intruder in the attitude of a trespasser. That this is necessary, is apparent from the further consideration, that if the person in possession entered- lawfully, although his right to the possession has ceased, the person entitled thereto could not lawfully expel him by force, and, if in such a case force was attempted to be used for that purpose, he might defend his possession by force, and could not be said to unlawfully hold by force. The judgment of the Court below sustaining the demurrer, must be affirmed, with costs, to the defendant in error. Present, all the Judges. Douglass, J., concurred in the result.