Rash v. Whitney

Douglass, J. 1. It is first insisted that the Circuit erred in overruling the plaisfciff’s objection to the reading in evidence of the entries — 499 — in the Justice’s docket, respecting the proceedings in the case of Whitney against Myron Rash, on the ground that the defendant had not proved all the preliminary facts as to the issuing, service, and return of the summons in that cause, as particularly as the same were set out in his notice of defence. But, as the objection did not point out specifically what particularly preliminary facts alleged were not proved, we think it was, for that reason, altogether too general to avail the plaintiff on error. It would be productive of great mishiefs in practice, if, under the cover of an objection so vague and general as this, a party could conceal from the knowledge of the Court, and of his adversary, the particular defect in his adversary’s evidence of which he complained, until the trial was closed, and all opportunity for supplying the defect was passed, and then to be allowed to take advantage of it on error to this Court. (Underhill vs. Pomeroy, 2 Hill, 603; Watson's Ex'rs vs. McLaren, 19 Wend., 557.) 2. The next error assigned, is in improperly admitting in evidence the entry on the Justice’s docket, respecting the application for and award of execution on the judgment in favor of Whitney and against Myron Rash. The statutes in force at that time prohibited the issuing of execution upon such a judgment, until the expiration of five days from the rendition of the judgment, except where the party obtaining the judgment should make it appear, by his own 'oath, or other competent testimony, to the satisfaction of the Justice, that he would be in danger of losing the amount recovered, unless execution issued sooner, in which case the Justice was authorized to issue execution immediately, if the.same were not stayed, etc. (if. 8., Oh. 93, § 111,112; 8. L., 1847, p. 170.) The statute also prescribed that, unless such application for execution was made at the time of rendering judgment, reasonable notice thereof should be given to the defendant. (R. 8, Oh. 93, § 113.) — 500 — It is insisted that the docket entry last referred to was of no validity as an award of execution, because it did not show that these statutory prerequisitions had been complied with. And, in the first place, it is claimed that it should have appeared that notice of the application for execution was given to the judgment debtor. Manifestly, the purpose for which notice was required by section 143, was, not to give the judgment debtor an opportunity to appear and controvert the evidence on which the application was founded, but merely to enable him to stay execution by giving security, etc., if he elected to do so. (Moulton vs. Kavana, 2 Wend., 649, per Cowen, J.) The statute does not forbid the issuing of execution, or declare that it shall be void if issued without notice. It is unnecessary to decide whether the want of such notice, in a case where the statute required it, would be a jurisdictional defect, or only a mere irregularity. (See Coggswell vs. Cole, 21 Wend., per Bronson, J.) The docket shows that judgment was rendered and execution awarded on the same day. It does not expressly state at what time of the day either act was done. If the award of execution was after the cause had been determined, and the parties had left the Justice’s office, I have no doubt it would be at least irregular without notice. (Krumeick vs. Krumeick, 2 Green, N. J. 39.) But I think the legal presumption, from what appears on the docket, is, that execution was awarded at the time judgment was rendered ; and if so, this was not a case where notice was required. This view seems to be sustained by Rex vs. Thompson (2 T. R., 18), and Rex vs. Lovet (7 Ib., 134), in which it was held that where a Justice’s conviction stated that the defendant appeared and the evidence was given on the same day, it would be presumed that the evidence was given in the presence of the defendant; and also by King vs. Swallow (8 T. R., 284), where the same presumption was held to arise — 501 — in a case where conviction showed that appearance was at one place and the evidence at another. Again: it is insisted that the award of execution was void, and ought, therefore, to have been rejected, because it appeared on its face to have been based upon evidence insufficient to authorize it. Probably it was unnecessary for the Justice to have set forth on his docket what evidence was adduced in support of the application for execution. It is not required to be in writing. I think the statute contemplates that it may be by parol. (Stewart vs. Hawley, 21 Wend., 555; Basten vs. Carew, 3 Bam. L. Cr., 649.) And I am inclined to the opinion, that a mere statement of the result of the evidence would have been sufficient to satisfy the rule, that the jurisdiction of Courts of inferior and limited jurisdiction must appear on the face of their proceedings. See Martin vs. Walker, 15 Ill. R., 377; Hart vs. Fizer, 4 Humph. R., 48; People vs. Mack, 1 Park Cr. Tr., 567. But, in this case, the Justice has set forth the evidence upon which he acted. The docket entry is : “The plaintiff having stated under oath that he wasdn danger of losing his debt unless,” etc., “ execution was issued,” .etc. We think a fair interpretation of this language compels us to infer that it is a statement of all the evidence, and, if so, this evidence amounts to nothing more than the plaintiff’s belief of danger. (Ex parte Robinson, 21 Wend., 672; 6 Hill, 431.) Now, the statute requires that the party applying for an execution in such a case “shall make it appear, by his own oath, or other competent evidence, to the satisfaction of the Justice, that he will be in danger of losing his debt, unless,” etc. The statute is not explicit as to what kind of evidence shall be required. And, as was remarked by Cowen, J., in Ex parte Haynes (18 Wend., 612), there is no branch of the law of evidence in which the cases are so far from consistency as they appear to be in respect to the amount .of proof, or even — 502 — what shall be considered proof, for the purpose of these ex parte applications for process. In Ex parte Fitch (2 Wend, 298), it was held that an oath of mere belief was sufficient under a statute which required “ proof to the satisfaction of the Judge.” We are not satisfied that the oath of mere belief was wholly incompetent under our statute. We think it might properly have been received as cumulative evidence, or by way of testing the good faith of the application. (6 Hill, 431.) Still, we are clearly of the opinion that it was never contemplated by the statute that execution should be awarded upon this evidence alone. The Justice should require proof of facts and circumstances tending to show danger. And an award based solely irpon such evidence as appears in the docket entry under consideration is clearly erroneous, and would be reversed if under review on certiorari. (Krumeick vs. Krumeick, 2 Green, N. J. R., 39; Shay vs. Norton, 1 Har. N. J. R., 378; Tiff. Tr., 213.) But, whether it is void for want of jurisdiction, when assailed collaterally, is quite another question. Clearly, it would have been void, if no evidence had been adduced to próve the fact of which the Justice is required to be satisfied, for the statute expressly forbids the issuing of execution within five days after judgment, without proof of this fact to the satisfaction of the Justice. (Ezra vs. Manlove, 7 Blackf., 389; Gresham vs. Bowen, Ib., 423; Strauhan vs. Inge, 5 Ind., 157; Poulk vs. Slocum, 3 Blackf., 421; Briggs vs. Wardwell, 10 Mass., 356; Sullivan vs. Jones, 2 Gray, 570; Vosburgh vs. Welsh, 11 John. R., 175; Adkins vs. Brewer, 3 Cowen, 206; Waters vs. Whitamore, 13 Barb. S. C. R., 634; 8 Cowen, 370.) So it would have been equally void if the statute had, in clear and explicit terms, made the proof of facts and circumstances an essential prerequisite, and the Justice had acted upon a mere oath of belief: Loder vs. Phelps (13 Wend., 46); Staples vs. Fairchild (4 Coms., 41); Broadhead vs. McConnell (3 Barb. S. C. R., 175); where, — 503 — for such a defect, proceedings were adjudged void, when questioned collaterally; and Smith vs. Luce (14 Wend., 237; Ex parte Haynes (18 Wend. 611); Tallman vs. Bigelow, (10 Wend., 421); Ex parte Robinson (21 Wend, 672); Matter of Falkner (7 Hill, 181); People vs. The Recorder of Albany (6 Hill, 429); Miller vs. Binkerhoff (4 Denio, 119); where, for a like defect, they were reversed on error. In the case last cited, Bronson, Chief Justice, states the general principle to be, that when certain facts are to be proved to a Court of special and limited jurisdiction as a ground for issuing process, if there be a total defect of evidence as to any essential fact, the process will be declared void in whatever form the question may arise. But when the proof has a legal tendency to make out a proper case in all its parts for issuing process, then, although the proof may -be slight and inconclusive, the process will be valid until set aside in a direct proceeding for that purpose. In the one case, the Court acts without authority; in the other, it only errs in judgment upon a question properly before it for adjudication. In the one case, there is a defect of jurisdiction ; in the other, there is an error of judgment. "Want of jurisdiction makes the act void ; but a mistake concerning the just weight and importance of evidence only makes the act erroneous, and it will stand good until reversed. Now, if we are inclined to think the oath of mere belief, upon which the award of execution now under consideration appears to have been based, was competent evidence to prove the fact of danger, then clearly there was .some evidence to prove that fact, and, upon the principle here laid down, the award is valid until reversed in a direct proceeding for that purpose. But, suppose this evidence was incompetent, and that the only evidence upon which the Justice could properly act under the statute was proof of facts and circumstances — we still think the award of execution was erroneous merely, and — 504 — not void. The statute did not, in express terms, require proof of facts and circumstances as prerequisite, as was the case with the New York statute which came under consideration in the cases above referred to. What was competent evidence under that statute, was a question which the Justice, in the exercise of his judicial discretion, was called upon to determine, and a question of no little doubt and difficulty. And, if he erred in determining it, and awarded execution upon improper, though colorable evidence, we think this was a mere error of judgment, and not an excess of jurisdiction. On this point, we may be pardoned for referring somewhat at length to one or two adj udicated cases. Cave vs. Mountain (1 Mann. & Gr., 257), was an action of trespass against a magistrate who had issued a warrant against the plaintiff) by virtue of which he had been arrested and imprisoned, to await further examination on a charge of having feloniously cut certain trees. It was contended that the defendant had exceeded his jurisdiction in issuing the wax*rant, because it was issued without any proper complaint on oath. Tindal, C. J., in delivering the opinion, said : “ This objection is answex’ed in part by the fact that there was a X’egular informatioxi on oath laid befox’e the magistrate. That it does not disclose axxy legal evidence of the guilt of the prisoner, is true. It states nothing beyond mex-e hearsay, upon which neither Judges nor juries could act. But, at the utmost, this amounts to no more thaxx an error in judgment on the part of the magistrate ; and no case can be found in which a magistrate, acting without his jurisdiction, has been held liable in an action of trespass, for a mere error of judg. ment.” Harman vs. Brotherson (1 Denio, 537), is a similar case. There it was held that an officer authorized to grant orders to hold to bail, acted judicially in making such ox’ders, and was not liable for false imprisonment ixx consequence of an ai’rest upon process, on which he had endorsed an order upon an affidavit conceded to be insufficient because all its — 505 — material statements were upon hearsay information and belief1 — the affidavit presenting a case for the exercise of the officer’s judgment. In each of these cases, the officer would clearly have been liable, if there had been any excess of jurisdiction. See also Stewart vs. Hawley (21 Wend., 552; 8 Cowen, 37; 10 Wend., 422). Upon the whole, we are of the opinion that the Court below did not err in overruling the plaintiff’s objections to the reading in evidence of the docket entry respecting the award of execution against Myron Rash. The nature of those objections does not call upon us to decide whether the docket entry is not defective in not showing that, upon the evidence before him, the Justice was satisfied of the fact of danger. 3. As to the third and last error assigned, we are clearly of the opinion that it was without foundation. The preliminary proof of the loss of the. execution against Myron Rash, was clearly sufficient to justify the admission of' parol evidence of its contents. No search among Ramsdell’s papers -was necessary to be shown, because the possession of the execution by him, for the purpose of reading it in evidence on a trial before the same Justice in whose legal custody it then was, did not raise any presumption that he retained possession afterwards. The judgment below, must, therefore, be affirmed with costs. Present, Douglass, Green, Copeland, Martin, J. J„