King v. Potter

Christiancy J. By section 4603 Compiled Laws, (being sec. 50 of Ch. 134) it is provided that "when the defendant in ejectment, or any person through whom he claims title, shall have been in actual possession of the premises for six successive years, or more, after this chapter shall take effect as a law, and before the commencement of the action and claiming title either by virtue of, or in opposition to a sale made by any executor, administrator or guardian, or the Auditor General, or any county treasurer, or other person or body corporate authorized by any statute to make sale of land for non-payment of taxes, such defendant shall be allowed a compensation for the value of any buildings and improve-' ments on the premises made by him; or any person through whom he claims title.” The first question presented by this case is, whether this statute extends to any other lands than those described in the plaintiff’s declaration and in the deeds or other instruments through which the defendant claims title. It is too obvious to require or admit of argument that the lands " claimed ” by the defendant and of which he has been " in possession,” must be the same or some of the same described in and claimed by the declaration. The statute clearly contemplates their identity, and it cannot possibly be made to apply to any other. The defendant here undertakes to “ claim title.” under a tax "sale” and deed by the Auditor General. And when — 140 — ever the defendant “claims title” “by virtue of a sale made by any executor, administrator, guardian, Auditor General,” &c., as such title can only be by deed, we think it clear that, in order to bring a defendant within the fair intent of this statute, the premises to which he thus claims title must be such only as are described in the deed or deeds through which he “claims title,” and that this description must be such as, under the rule of law applicable to the deed under which he claims, are sufficient for the purpose of identifying the land. In other words, this question being one of identity of the premises claimed by the defendant with those claimed in the plaintiff’s declaration, must be decided by the rules of law and evidence applicable to the instruments under which the plaintiff and the defendant respectively claim, and which each produces in support of his respective title or claim. The statute, we think, was never intended to apply to a case where the identity was not thus established. By reference to the plat, showing the government subdivisions of this fractional section, the correctness of which is not disputed, it will be seen that the section was rendered fractional by the line of the Chippeway Reservation (of which this fractional section is a part) cutting off nearly all of what, had the section been entire, would have constituted the southwest quarter, and a large portion of what would have been the southeast quarter and the northwest quarter, but leaving the northeast quarter untouched. By reference to the field notes also which were in evidence,' it will be seen that the government surveyor, in surveying and subdividing this fractional section, established a quarter post on the north line at the usual distance of forty chains west of the northeast corner, and that this was chains from the point where the section line extended westward, struck the west line of the reservation; and that this reservation line ran in nearly a southeast — 141 — wardly direction striking the south line of the section only 20^35%- chains west of the southeast corner. It will also be seen, that what lay west of the quarter section line, and north of the center line of the section (which, if not otherwise subdivided, would have constituted the northwest fractional quarter) was by the government subdivided, so as to make a lot of twenty chains in width (from north to south) and 27-3s0!V chains along the north section line, and of less length on the south. This lot was marked and numbered on the plat as lot number 1 (one). The balance of, what might have been called the northwest fractional quarter, was included in a lot containing 59^¶- acres, composed in part of forty acres, which, had it not been thus included, would have constituted, and might have been described as the southwest quarter of the northeast quarter. This lot of 59^ acres, was marked as lot number, two, of the fractional section. Properly speaking, therefore, there was no such government subdivision as the northwest fractional quarter; and in no possible sense was there any such government subdivision as the east or west half or part, or the northeast, or southwest, or northwest half or part of the northwest fractional quarter; nor would any land with sufficient certainty be designated by such description. The premises described in the plaintiff’s declaration, it is admitted, were a part of lot number one, above described. . By the statute (Comp. Laws, § 804, Sub. 2) — and a similar provision was contained in the previous laws — this land should have been described, in assessing it, and consequently in a deed on tax sale, by the designation of its subdivision according to the public surveys of the United States. There is no pretence that any of these tax deeds under which the defendant undertook to claim, complied with — 142 — this provision — most (if not all, but one of them) expressly described the land as situate on the Inortheast quarter or northeast fractional quarter, which, by no physical possibility, could be made to include any part of lot “one,” which was wholly west of that quarter. And no oral evidence was admissible to establish so manifest an absurdity — no evidence being offered to impeach the correctness of the plat. One of the deeds, however, (that to Ira Davenport) described the land as the “northeast fractional quarter of the northwest quarter of section nine,” &c. Now it is not only clear that there was no such legal subdivision, but that applying this description to the land without reference to its legal subdivisions, the land intended must be wholly uncertain. But we need not enquire whether this description would be or could be made sufficient, as between an individual grantor and grantee. The legislature have not left us at liberty to adopt any such principle. They have seen fit, in their wisdom, to fix certain rules touching the sufficiency of descriptions for purposes of taxation and deeds on tax sales. And we could not hold that sufficient which they have deemed insufficient. We have failed to see the force of the argument so ably and earnestly pressed upon us by the counsel for defendant in error; that, though the description does not comply with the statute and is insufficient to pass the title under the tax deed, and though the tax deed described other or different land than those in suit, or, with certainty, no land at all; yet if this defendant claimed the lands in suit in good faith by virtue of the deeds, this is sufficient to give him the benefit of the statute in reference to improvements. The case of Wendell v. Moulton, 6 Fost. (N. H.) 41, which he cites, has, we think, no bearing upon a case like the present. The plaintiff had given [to the defendant — 143 — or the person under whom he claimed, a bond for a deed, and afterwards a deed of a portion of a larger tract owned by the plaintiffs. The purchaser had, -with full knowledge of the, plaintiffs, taken possession of a portion which, on survey many years after, was found not to be within the description given in the instrument. Extensive improvements had been made in good faith by the grantee. The possession was open and visible, and well known to the plaintiffs. The improvements were made with his full knowledge and without objection. He, as well as the defendant and those under whom he claimed, was either ignorant of the mistake, or he knew the mistake of his grantee and purposely -led him into the error and the making of the improvements. There was very strong evidence of this fraud. The case was such, that in a court of equity, the defendant would hardly have needed the aid of a statute to secure him the benefit of his improvements. Their statute was much more general than ours. It applied to all defendants in real ^actions, who had been in actual and peaceable possession for six years "under a supposed legal title.” If the plaintiff in that case was mistaken, he seems to have been as much responsible for the mistake as the grantee, and if he acted fraudulently, the whole responsibility was his. But in the case before us, the plaintiff has no privity or connection with, but is an entire stranger in law to the grantor and the grantee, and in no way responsible either for the description in these tax deeds or the attempt to take possession under them; and there is no just principle upon which he can be made to suffer, or be accountable, for a mistake of the parties claiming under the deed, in taking possession of the plaintiff’s land, or for improvements made against his will, and which, by reason of the situation of other land of his, may, for aught we know be an injury to him, though, when considered only with reference to the particular land improved, the value of that particular portion might be increased. — 144 — On the other hand, as respects the question of the good faith of the defendant or those under whom he claims, we think the party purchasing under a tax salé must, as between him and the owner of other lands, be bound at his peril to take notice of the description in his own deed, and to know what land, if any, it describes, and whether it sufficiently describes any. And if the defendants or those under whom they claim by tax deeds, have made a mistake and gone on to the land of the plaintiff, instead of that described in their deeds, it is certainly more equitable that the defendant who has, or claims under, the deed, and acts under it, should bear the consequences or burden of the mistake, than the plaintiff, who is a stranger to it, who has no occasion to know of its existence, and who, if he saw it, would, at the same time, see that it did not affect his land. As to the argument, that it is just and equitable, as a general rule, to allow the defendant in ejectment, for improvements made by him, it is sufficient to say, the legislature have thouglit otherwise. This disposes of the present case, and renders it unnecessary to notice the point raised by the plaintiff in error, that the defendant in this case claimed title under an execution sale as well as the tax sales. The effect of such a double claim, as it may bear upon the question of improvements, will be decided in the case of King v. Harrington, argued at the present term, and not yet disposed of. The judgment of the Circuit Court, so far as it relates to the improvements, in favor of defendants, must be reversed, with costs; and the judgment, so far as it is in favor of the' plaintiff below for the recovery of the land, must be affirmed. The other Justices concurred.