Shaw v. Hoffman

Chrjstiancy, Ch. J. The first question arises upon trebling the last two items of damages found by the verdict ; and this depends upon the question, whether the evidence tended to show such an eviction of the plaintiff or such a holding or keeping him out of possession by the defendant, as is contemplated by section three of chapter 111, Eev. Stat. of 1846 {Corny. L. 1857, § 4717). — 168 — This section provides, “If any person shall be ejected or put out of any lands or tenements in a forcible and unlawful manner, or, being put out, be afterward holden and kept out by force, or with strong hand, he shall be entitled to maintain an action of trespass, and shall recover therein three times the amount of damages assessed by the jury or a justice of the peace in the cases provided by law.” If this were a new statute, or its meaning had not been settled by judicial decision, it might, perhaps, be held by its language to cover the somewhat aggravated trespass which the evidence in this case tended to show the defendant to have committed. But this statute seems to have come down to us from statute of 8 Henry VL, ch. 9, and to have been adopted into our statutes from the Revised Statutes of New York, Vol. 2, part 3, title 6, see. 1¡-, where it appears in the same form, except that it there contains the word “disseized,” which was omitted in our statute, as noticed in this case (21 Mich., 155 and 156); and its meaning had been defined and the extent of its application settled, by a long course of judicial decisions prior to its adoption in New York. And in the adoption of the statute there, it never seems to have been doubted by the courts of New York, that the legislature, intended to adopt it in the sense, and with the meaning, which had already been given to it by the judicial decisions in England, which, in effect had become a part of the statute; and, in its adoption from the statutes of New York by our legislature, we think they must be presumed to have intended to adopt it in the same sense, and with the same extent of application — so far as no alteration was made — which had been given to it by the courts in England and in New York, —in other words, its already established and well settled meaning; and according to this well settled meaning the — 169 — statute was not intended to apply to a mere trespass, however wrongful; but the entry or the detainer must be riotous, or personal violence must be used or in some way threatened, or the conduct of the parties guilty of the entry or detainer must be such as in some way to inspire terror or alarm in the persons evicted or kept out, — in other words, the force contemplated by the statute is not merely the force used against, or upon, the property, but force used or threatened against persons, as a means, or for the purpose, of expelling or keeping out the prior possessor. And, though the breaking into a dwelling house occupied by'a person or a family, being of itself calculated to excite terror or the fear of personal. violence, may come within this statute, — and there is one case, hardly now regarded as law (2 Roll. R. 2, Hill., XV. Jac.), which held the breaking into a dwelling house to come within the statute, though no person was in the house, — there is • not, it is believed, from the reign of Henry the Sixth to this day, either in England or the state of New York, a single adjudged case reported, in which the breaking the door of a barn or outhouse, or the tearing it down and removing it, and the taking and remaining in possession, would, of itself, constitute the forcible entry or forcible detainer contemplated by the statute, if unaccompanied with any force toward any person, actual or threatened, and without creating in some way an apprehension of personal violence. This whole subject, with the authorities bearing upon it, is so fully and ably examined by Judge Cowen, in Willard v. Warren, 17 Wend., 257, — a case very closely resembling the present, and decided some years before we adopted the statute here —that we think it quite unnecessary to go over the whole ground or to cite the authorities. In the present case, though an aggravated trespass, there was no evidence tending to show any personal violence, — 170 — actual or threatened, any intimidation or show of force, any alarm or apprehension of it to the occupant or any one else; or that the plaintiff yielded to any such force or fear of it; and the case is, in no respect, stronger for the plaintiff below, than the case in Wendell, just cited, was for the plaintiff there. But it is urged by the counsel for the defendant-in error, that this point does not arise in, the case; that the bill of exceptions does not purport to set out all the testimony; and that, inasmuch as the circuit judge must, in giving the judgment for treble damages, have found that there were such circumstances of force or violence as to bring the case within the -statute, we must, in support of the judgment, presume .there was evidence, to warrant that conclusion. The bill does not set out the evidence itself at all, in reference to the trespass and eviction, but merely states its tendency; and in stating what its tendency was in reference-to the subject matter of the trespass and eviction, we must presume that it states all it tended to prove in reference to that subject matter, or at least, all that could affect any question to be raised upon that subject; since if there was any thing in the evidence tending to enlarge or modify the effect of what is stated upon the same subject, it would have been stated in the bill; and it would have been the duty of the counsel for the plaintiff below to insist upon its insertion in the bill, and the duty of the court to have inserted it. The judgment was, therefore, in our view, clearly erroneous in trebling the damages. And, as all the counts of the declaration were upon the statute for treble damages, we think it would have been erroneous also to render a judgment upon the verdict, of single damages, as for a trespass at common law; since a verdict of guilty under — 171 — each of these statutory counts, if the instructions and rulings of the court had been all correct, would entitle the plaintiff to a judgment for treble damages, as a matter of right. See Willard v. Warren, ubi supra, where it was-taken for granted no judgment would be warranted upon suck a declaration, except the statute judgment; and see Mooers v. Allen, 2 Wend., 247. The preceding section (to that cited) of the statute would clearly warrant a judgment for single damages, when the trespass is casual or involuntary; but this section makes no equivalent provision. There was no error in refusing to charge the jury, that they could not take into consideration or allow any profits the plaintiff would have made in boarding the horses of others; these (for the proper length of time) as well as the greater sum plaintiff had to pay for boarding his own horses, were, as the evidence tended to show, the natural and proximate consequences of the trespass and eviction complained of; and if the case had come within the statute allowing treble damages, it would have been right for the court to treble them. But the damages to the personal property could not be, and were not, trebled. Nor was there any error in refusing to charge, that the plaintiff could not recover any damages under the terms of the lease, after the defendant took possession of the premises to build on part of the lot. Taking possession of part of the lot not leased, for the purpose of building on that, was no termination of plaintiff’s tenancy, nor even notice to him that defendant intended to build on the leased portions. Plaintiff had paid, and defendant accepted, the rent for the whole month of July; and he never even offered to return the rent. The plaintiff’s right was therefore absolute, to hold the property till the first of the next month; and eviction took place on the 11th of July. — 172 — Whether a return of the rent, or offer to return it, with a demand of possession for the purpose of building, would have altered the case, we need not at present determine. But with reference to ■ a new trial it may be proper to determine here, for what period or length of time the plaintiff was, upon the evidence, entitled to recover damages for loss of profits in boarding horses of others, and additional cost of boarding his own, or other injury to his business. It is insisted by counsel for defendant in error, that the lease created a tenancy at will, and that plaintiff was therefore entitled to a month’s notice to quit, the rent being payable monthly. But the lease was given for five years, with a clause in it by which the plaintiff agreed to give up the lease if the defendant should conclude to build on said premises. It was not, therefore, at the will of the lessee (plaintiff), but only at the will of the - defendant (lessor), and even as to him not strictly at will, for he could exercise that will only on the condition precedent, that he had first concluded to build on the premises. A tenancy at will, properly so called, can exist only when it is equally at the will of both parties, each having the equal right to terminate the lease or tenancy at his option. This was a tenancy for five years, upon condition, that if the lessor should, before the end of the stated term, conclude to build upon the premises, and (as I think from the nature of the provision as well as its language) should give the lessee' reasonable notice of such determination to build, and of his desire that the lease should be given up the term after such reasonable notice should cease. This part of the condition, in reference to notice, is not, it is true, expressed, but I think it is clearly implied from the language, and from the nature of the condition •expressed. 1st, From the language. The' lessee, if the lessor — 173 — should “conclude to build,” was to “give up the leased Clearly he could not be expected to give up the lease, until he had received notice of the lessor’s conclusion or determination to build' upon the leased premises; some notice therefore is necessarily implied] and as the length of time that such notice should be given is not fixed, it must be held to be a reasonable time. But, 2d, From the nature of the provision its'elf. Had the condition been made to depend upon some event over which neither party could exercise any control, or over which each could exercise an equal control, it might reasonably be said, that each took upon himself the risk of the happening of the event] and, therefore, that no notice should be required. But, as the event upon which the condition depended was one depending wholly upon the will of the lessor, and we must, in the absence of any thing to the contrary, presume that the parties acted with the motives and upon the considerations which, under such circumstances, would actuate men of' common sense and ordinary prudence, we cannot suppose that the lessee understood' that he was to leave and give up-possession at a moment’s warning, without any opportunity to get a place for his business elsewhere, or that the lessor expected that he would. Both parties must have supposed that some notice would be required] and as no length of time was specified, we must presume that the notice contemplated was for a reasonable time. Now, in determining what is a reasonable 'time, we cannot do better than to adopt the time fixed by the statute in the case of tenancies at will, since, though this is not strictly a tenancy at will, not being equally at the will of each party, yet it was substantially at the will of the lessor, if he concluded to build, and depended upon his determination or will, as much as if it had been strictly a tenancy at will] and there is the same reason for requiring him to174 give notice of Ms determination and of Ms desire to terminate the tenancy, and for the same length of time. The statute (CJomp. L., 1857, § 2807) requires as a general rule, three months’ notice to terminate the tenancy, but provides, that “when the rent reserved in a lease ■at will, is payable at periods of less than three months, the time of such notice shall be sufficient, if it be equal to the interval between the times of payment.” The rent by the present lease, was payable monthly in advance. It had been paid and retained; the lease was irrevocable till the end of July. No written or formal notice was given by the lessor, nor any verbal or written request to give up the lease. But the actual taking and retention of possession and commencing to build upon the premises, though a trespass and wholly wrongful, was certainly, from the time the lessee became aware of it (July 11), a clear notice to the lessee of the lessor’s wish to terminate the tenancy and to have possession of the premises; and upon the question of notice should have the same effect as a formal notice given, or request made, at that time. Had a formal notice been given at that time, it could not have terminated the lease till the end of the month of August; the whole month of July having been paid for, it is quite clear, we think, that though the notice might be given on the 11th of July, it could have .no effect during any part of that month; and the rent being payable monthly at the beginning of the month, the lessee had the right, by paying the rent on the 1st of August, to retain the premises for the whole of that month, but no longer; and damages cannot be recovered beyond that time. The charge of the court, as given with modifications, in ■answer to defendant’s fifth request, is open to the objection that, under it, the jury were authorized to find the same amount of damages, though the barn might have fallen by — 175 — plaintiff’s own fault, if the defendant made a forcible entry afterwards, as if it had been made to fall by the fault of the defendant. But it is clear that if the barn fell through the plaintiff’s own fault, the use of the premises without any subsequent entry or interference of the defendant, would have been worth much iess to the plaintiff than if the barn had been standing. There is an error in the yerdict in twice assessing the damages for eviction, which probably resulted from a blunder in putting it into form.; it is nevertheless a serious blunder, as we should be compelled to take the verdict as we find it; but as it is one not likely to be repeated, it requires no further comment. The judgment must be reversed, with costs, and a new trial awarded. Campbell and Cooley, JJ., concurred. Graves, J., did not sit in this case.