Arens v. United States

Dallinger, Judge: This is a suit against the United States, arising at the port of Los Angeles, brought to recover certain customs duties alleged to have been improperly exacted on a particular importation invoiced as upholstery buttons and upholstery tacks. Duty was levied thereon under the Tariff Act of 1930 as follows: On the articles composed of two or more pieces of iron or steel, at the rate of 4% cents per pound under paragraph 331 (as increased by Presidential proclamation promulgated in T. D. 46051, 66 Treas. Dec. 666) as upholsterers’ nails; on the articles composed with brass heads or of other than two or more pieces of iron or steel, at 45 per centum ad valorem under paragraph 397 as manufactures of metal not specially provided for; [332] on tbe remainder of said articles, at tbe rate of tbree-fourtbs of 1 cent per bne per gross and 15 per centum ad valorem under tbe provision in paragraph 349 for “buttons of metal, not specially provided for.” It is claimed tbat all tbe articles wbicb were assessed witb duty at tbe rate of 4K cents per pound under said paragraph 331 should be classified at tbe rate of nine-tenths of 1 cent per pound under tbe same paragraph and said T. D. 46051; and tbat all tbe merchandise assessed witb duty at tbe rate of tbree-fourtbs of 1 cent per line per gross and 15 per centum ad valorem under said paragraph 349 should be classified at tbe rate of 45 per centum ad valorem under said paragraph 397 as manufactures of metal not specially provided for. At the bearing held at Los Angeles on July 11, 1939, before Keefe, Judge, it being shown tbat tbe merchandise assessed witb duty at tbe rate of cents per pound under said paragraph 331 was similar in all material respects to tbat tbe subject of protest 532198-G, tbe record in tbat case was, without objection, incorporated in and made part of tbe present record. A sample of tbe merchandise assessed at tbree-fourtbs of 1 cent per line per gross and 15 per centum ad valorem under said paragraph 349 was admitted in evidence as Exhibit 1. In appearance it is a small circular green button witb tbe necessary loop to permit fastening. Tbe plaintiff appeared in person and testified tbat be had been engaged since 1925 in tbe importation of upholsterers' tacks, thumbtacks, chair glides, furniture glides, and upholstery buttons; tbat tbe merchandise represented by Exhibit 1 was not plated witb gold, silver, or platinum, or colored with gold lacquer; tbat tbe buttons are covered with paint made from brass powder and some are painted witb aluminum paint; tbat be bad been engaged in selling upholsterers’ supplies since 1925; tbat tbe merchandise in question is similar to tbat tbe subject of protest 953334-G and of protest 953340-G, and was described in tbe invoices covered by said protests as upholstery buttons. At this juncture tbe invoices and entries in said protests were admitted in evidence, over tbe obj ection of counsel for tbe Government. Tbe witness then proceeded to testify tbat bis earlier importations of this merchandise were assessed witb duty at tbe rate of 45 per centum ad valorem under paragraph 397 of the Tariff Act of 1930 as manufactures-of metal not specially provided for; tbat bis definition of tbe word “button” was something tbat is used to connect two pieces of woven material on a garment; tbat in bis opinion tbe instant merchandise did not fall within tbat definition, for tbe reason tbat it was used for decoration; tbat be bad sold tbe instant merchandise for a particular use, to wit, as upholstery buttons, and bad seen it used as such; tbat be bad never seen articles like Exhibit 1 used on articles of wearing apparel; and tbat tbe only use to wbicb be bad [333] ever observed them employed for was on upholstered leather furniture. On cross-examination the witness testified in part as follows: X Q. Did you ever hear of a push button? — A. Yes. ******* X Q. I am referring to a push button, which is used as an electrical — that isn’t used according to your definition of a button, in the same way? — A. No. ‡ * * if: if: :Jc X Q. I have some buttons on my coat which are not made together into a buttonhole, haven’t I? They are merely used for decorative purposes? — A. No, you can turn it the other way around.- X Q. What about this top button? I can’t use that, can I? — A. No. X Q. That is merely used for decorative purposes? — A. Yes. X Q. You say that you have seen merchandise similar to Exhibit 1 used?— A. Yes. X Q. And it is inserted in the material or tufting? — A. Yes. * # * ^ * * * X Q. And this button has a sort of a hook or loop, hasn’t it? — A. Yes. X Q. And that hook or loop is used, isn’t it? — A. Yes. X Q. And threads or cotton is run through there to keep the button in place on the piece of furniture? — A. Yes. X Q. And that is the only use you know of? — A. Yes. In addition to bis own testimony, the plaintiff offered in evidence the testimony of Hollis J. Need, examiner of merchandise at the port of Los Angeles, who testified that in the case of protests 953334-G and 953340-G the merchandise was classified as upholstery buttons; that he was familiar with the term buttons as commonly used in everyday speech; that he understood the term “button” to mean something that fastened two pieces of material in clothing, or something used as a decoration on clothing; that he had never seen articles like Exhibit 1 used as a fastening on clothing or as a decoration for clothing; and that the only way he had seen such articles used was in upholstering. On cross-examination he testified that he was familiar with paragraph 349 of the Tariff Act of 1930; that there is nothing in the provisions thereof limiting the classification for “buttons of metal, not specially provided for” to buttons used on wearing apparel. Upon this record counsel for the plaintiff in their brief filed herein cite various dictionary definitions of the word “button” in an attempt to limit the meaning of the word to buttons used for utilitarian purposes on wearing apparel. Apparently they ignore that the very definitions which they themselves cite refer also to buttons used for ornamental purposes. Counsel for the plaintiff also contend that, because in two or three previous importations similar merchandise was assessed with duty at the rate of 45 per centum ad valorem under paragraph 397 of the Tariff Act of 1930 under the catch-all provision for manufactures of metal not specially provided for, that fact establishes a long-continued administrative practice. Inasmuch, however, as the evidence [334] discloses that similar merchandise was not imported previous to 1934, and' that the instant merchandise was imported in 1937, we cannot agree with plaintiff’s contention. From the record, and from an examination of the sample in evidence, it is evident that the merchandise assessed by the collector at three-fourths of 1 cent per line per gross and 15 per centum ad valorem under said paragraph 349 is a button within the common meaning of the word, which, in its use by upholsterers serves both a utilitarian and an ornamental purpose, and as such is certainly within the scope of the provision in said paragraph for “buttons of metal, not specially provided for,” as classified by the collector, and we so hold. Since the trial of the instant case the Second Division of this court, on April 5, 1940, handed down a decision in the case of Import & Export Service Co. et al. v. United States, C. D. 312, covering protest 532198-G, and the record in that case has been incorporated in and made part of the present record. In that case all of the claims of the plaintiff were overruled and the decision of the collector was affirmed. Accordingly, following the cited decision we overrule all claims in the present protest relative to the merchandise invoiced as tacks. The plaintiff having also failed to establish a prima jade case with reference to the merchandise invoiced as upholstery buttons, it follows that all claims pertaining to such merchandise must be and they hereby are also overruled. Therefore, the decision of the collector in each instance is affirmed. Judgment will be rendered accordingly.