Snow v. Johnson

By the Cowrie Cooper, J. This is an action in covenant brought for the recovery of $400 worth of groceries, &c., the consideration of the sale of a house and lot in Stillwater. Johnson covenanted to sell and convey (by a good and sufficient deed of conveyance) a house and lot to Snow and Bryant : Provided always, that Snow and Bryant pay, or cause to be paid, to the said Johnson the sum of $400 in groceries, liquors and provisions, at twenty per cent, above purchase price, &c., in manner following, to wit: $200 worth when called for by the plaintiff, the remainder in the month of April, [51] then next, and further, that Snow and Bryant were to have immediate possession of the premises sold. There was a judgment in the Court below in favor of John? •son, the plaintiff below, for $487 39; and, to reverse that judgment, this writ of error was sued out. The first error complained of by the plaintiff in error, is, that, the declaration did not aver a demand and refusal of the specific articles due upon demand; but avers merely “ that the said plaintiff called upon the said defendants for the first ip■stalment, to wit: on the 27 th day of October, 1848, which was then due from the said defendants to the said plaintiff, to wit: a large sum of money, to wit: the sum of $200, became due and owing; yet the said defendants refused- and have not paid the same,” &c. This exception is well taken. The declaration should have-averred a demand for the specific articles named in the covenant, and we cannot presume the word “ instalment ” to mean groceries, liquors and provisions, when the scilicet, which is used to explain the amount, says the demand is for a large sum of money, to wit: the sum of $200. Under this averment, the court received evidence of a demand for groceries. In this there was evident error. The variance between the declaration and proof is too palpable to overlook. The rule is well settled that the proof must conform to the averment in the declaration. Were a different one to obtain, it would be productive of the greatest injustice. The defendant looks tor the declaration in order to prepare his defence. Would it not therefore be misleading him, to permit the plaintiff to prove a demand for wood, under an averment for a demand of a horse. It would be monstrous, and the • evils resulting from such a course would be illimitable. We think the Court below likewise erred in the charge to the Jury, in instructing them, “ that though it was necessary to aver a demand and refusal, yet it was not necessary, to entitle the plaintiff to recover, that he should aver and prove a tender of a deed.” Where the covenants between the parties are independent, or where it is evident from the articles of agreement, that the act to be done by one, was to precede the act to be done by [52] the other, then, upon a failure of him who was to- do the first act, the other would have the right to recover upon a general averment of performance. But where the covenants are mutual and concurrent, the act of the one dependent upon the act of the other, not only a readiness and willingness to perform must be averred, but an actual tender, both averred and proved. Concurrent covenants are those, where mutual conditions are to be performed at the same time ; and in covenants of this character, if the one party is ready, and offers to perform his part of the covenant, and the other refuses or neglects to perform his part, the party who was ready has fulfilled his engagement, and may maintain his action for the breach or default of the other; although it is uncertain which is obliged to do the first act. But to entitle him to recover, he must aver and prove such offer to perform. How was it in this case? Were the covenants independent or were they concurrent ? Johnson covenants to sell and convey to Snow and Bryant, by a good and sufficient deed of conveyance. Snow and Bryant covenant to pay $400. No time-is mentioned when Johnson is to convey ; nor does Snow and Bryant covenant to pay before Johnson conveys. And do the words, “provided always that Snow and Bryant pay or cause to be paid the sum of $400,” alter the character of the covenant ? We think not. Suppose the amount of groceries, due on demand, had not been demanded until the month of April, when the remainder was to become due, would Snow and Bryant have been obliged to pay before Johnson was ready to convey? Certainly not. Hien, if not, could Johnson alter the effect of the agreement by making a demand at an earlier period ? Had he, in other words, the power to make the covenants independent or concurrent, according to his will, without any concurrent power on the part of the defendants below, by his construction of the covenant ? Suppose A agrees to sell and convey to B, and B covenants to pay A $1,000, which must do the first act? Not B, certainly, because he is not obliged to part with his [53] money before he receives his conveyance. Nor is A obliged to part with his title until he receives his money. Here are mutual covenants, and to enable either to recover, he must tender a performance on his part, and aver such tender and prove it. Would it alter the case if B had covenanted to pay A $1,000 in the manner following: $500 on demand and $500 in six months ? Certainly not. Neither has covenanted to do the first act, and in order still to recover on the one part or the other, an offer to perform must be proved. Nor would it alter the case, 'were it further stipulated that B was to have immediate possession. For A would have the means, at any time, of making his demand, and thus indemnifying himself. But suppose A was entitled to his action without a tender, and it appeared afterwards that he had no title, in what situation would it leave B ? It may be answered, he would have his remedy on the covenant. But would not this work manifest hardship on B, to compel him to pay his money before he was aware of the fact of whether A had a title or not, where he had not plainly and distinctly covenated to pay A, and take the risks of the title afterwards % It unquestionably would. Then wherein is the difference between the case supposed and that now under consideration? There is none. The case of Parker vs. Parmele, in 20 John. Rep. 138, which is very analagous to this one, ruled the same principle, and determined, that-in order to enable the plaintiff to recover the purchase money, he must aver and prove a tender of conveyance. A long train of authorities establish this rule beyond all question, and we think they are right. We are clearly of opinion that the court below erred, in admitting evidence of a demand for groceries, &c., under an averment for money, and also, that it was error to instruct the jury that the plaintiff need not, in order to entitle him to recover the amount due on demand, aver and prove a tender -of & good and sufficient deed of conveyance. The judgment is therefore reversed, with costs, and a. venire de novo awarded.