City of Butte v. Cook

ME. COMMISSIONER CALLAWAY prepared the opinion for the court. In August, 1896, the defendant Cook entered into a contract with the plaintiff respecting the construction of a sewer along one of its streets. The defendant agreed to- erect fences and other obstructions around open trenches, or keepi lights burning at night, or both, to protect the traveling public during the prosecution of the work; and to pay all damages to persons injured by his neglect to give proper warning. As security for the fulfillment of his contract, he executed to- the plaintiff city — 91 — an indemnity bond in the sum of $5,000. In the body of the bond Cook appears as principal, with I. Ei. Oppenheimer and A. F. Bray as sureties. Cook and Bray signed the bond, which contained a provision to the effect that Cook would pay all sums of money, damages, costs and expenses Avhich the city might be compelled to pay by reason of any failure on his part to perform any of the terms or conditions of the contract. During the construction of the sewer Mrs. Margaret Joyce fell into an excavation made by defendant in the course of the work, thereby sustaining severe injuries. She brought suit against the city, alleging in her complaint that the accident occurred without fault or neglect on her part, and “that at the point where plaintiff was precipitated into the said hole or trench in'the said street the defendant, in disregard of its duty in that behalf, had failed to erect or construct any barriers or railings, in or about said hole or excavation and opening in said street, and had failed and neglected to use any signals to warn persons using the said street of the danger caused by said opening or trench therein, and that the said opening or trench ivas at a depth of about ten or twelve feet.” She prayed judgment for the sum of $'7,062. The city filed its answer, denying all of these allegations, and a trial resulted. The jury found for the plaintiff Joyce in the sum of $3,500, and the city thereafter compromised with her, paying her the sum, of $2,800. On March 12, 1898, the city of Butte brought suit against the defendants herein, Cook and Bray, to recover of them the sum of $2,800, which had been p;aid to Margaret Joyce as above set forth. The defendants answered separately. Cook admitted his execution of the contract and bond, and also the construction of the sewer by him^ but denied any knowledge or information as to whether Mrs. Joyce was precipitated or fell into any of the excavations as described in plaintiff’s complaint, and alleged that if any settlement or compromise ivas made with her it was without his knowledge or consent, and was against his will.- Bray admitted the execution of the bond, but pleaded that, by an express understanding between plaintiff, Cook and himself, he signed it and was to become liable thereon only on condition that one — 92 — J. E. Oppenbeimer should sign the same as his co-surety, and alleged that .Oppenbeimer, contrary to tbe agreement, and without tbe consent of tbe defendant Bray, failed to sign it, and therefore said that be (Bray) was not liable thereon. At the trial of this, case the judgment roll in the case of Margaret Joyce, Plaintiff, v. City of Butte, Defendant, was introduced in evidence by tbe plaintiff. Defendants introduced testimony tending to 'sustain their answers, and at tbe conclusion thereof their counsel moved the court to instruct the jury to return a verdict for them. The court sustained tbe motion, and entered judgment thereon. Thereupon the plaintiff moved for a new trial, which motion was by tbe court overruled. From tbe order denying the plaintiff’s motion for a new trial, and from said judgment, tbe plaintiff appealed. Tbe appeal from the judgment has heretofore been dismissed. "The cause stands on appeal from the order only. The issues presented will be discussed under twe beads, as tbe answer's of tbe defendants present different issues. Did the court err in sustaining defendants’ motion aforesaid ? 1. As to the defendant Cook. Plaintiff, appellant here, contends that all of the evidence which Cook introduced tending to show bis full performance of tbe contract was inadmissible*, because the evidence in the Joyce case was conclusive against him as to the existence of the excavation and dangerous condition of the street at the place where and time when the accident occurred. Defendant contends that the Joyce judgment is not in any way binding upon him, because, as he alleges, he was not allowed to control the defense in that action, nor did he have reasonable notice of tbe pendency thereof. Upon this subject our statute (Section 3586, Civil Code) provides: “In the interpretation of a contract of indemnity, the following rules are to be applied, unless a contrary intention appears: (4) The person indemnifying is bound, on request of the person indemnified, to defend actions or proceedings brought — 93 — against the latter in respect to the matters embraced by the indemnity, but the person indemnified has the right to conduct such defenses, if he chooses to do> so. (5) If, after request, the person indemnifying neglects to defend the person indemnified, a recovery against the latter, suffered by him in good faith, is conchisive in his favor against the former. (6) If the person indemnifying, whether he is a principal or a surety in the agreement, has not reasonable notice of the action or proceeding against the person indemnified, or is not allowed to control its defense, judgment against the latter is only presumptive evidence against the former.” If in a particular case the indemnitor had been requested to defend the action against his obligee under his contract of indemnity and neglected to do so, the judgment is conclusive against him. If lie had not reasonable notice of the action, or if, having such notice he was not allowed to control the defense, the judgment is only presumptive evidence against him. This' is a question to be decided by the trial court in the first- instance. Aside from his contention that he had no notice of the pendency of the Joyce action defendant insists that it does not appear from the Joyce judgment roll, or from, the p(roof adduced in this case, that the excavation into which Mrs. Joyce fell was one made by him in constructing the sewer. In this we differ from defendant. In her complaint Mrs. Joyce identified the excavation into which she fell as being upon. Main street, about one block; above the intersection of Copper and Main streets. The record shows, that Cook was a witness in the Joyce case; and also that at some time ppfior to tire trial he made an affidavit for a continuance therein on behalf of thp city in which he swore that he was the “contractor under the city of Butte for doing the excavation and putting in a sanitary sewer on Main street, between Quartz and Woolman streets, in the year 1896.” His witnesses in this case all testified concerning the manner in which the work was guarded and lighted, while defendant himself said, “I was the contractor constructing this sewer in 1896, and I remember the night of the accident, when Mrs. Joyce claimed to. have sustained some injuries there.” — 94 — It thus appears that the excavation was sufficiently identified, and that be not only bad reasonable notice of tbe pendency of tbe action of Joyce v. City of Butte, but participated in tbe.trial thereof, and having such notice the Joyce judgment was at least presumptive evidence against the defendant Cook, and when it was introduced in evidence the burden was upon him to» overcome by a preponderance of evidence, the presumptions it carried with it; whether the evidence he presented was sufficient for that purpose was a question of fact, and solely for the jury to determine. It follows that the court erred in sustaining the motion on part of defendant Oook. 2. The testimony of defendant Bray on his own behalf is undisputed. It is to the effect that he agreed to sign the bond with the understanding that Oppenheimer should also» sign it. In company with Cook, Bray went to the city hall for the purpose of signing the bond. One McMillan was in the city clerk’s office. The understanding above mentioned was communicated to McMillan, who said there would be no trouble about that, because the city would see that Oppenheimer signed the bond. Who McMillan was does not appear from the transcript, except that lie seems to have been the notary public before whom the paper was executed. But whoever he was he evidently had ro right to bind the city of Butte by any thing which he might say: but, as we shall see later on, what he said is immaterial. It is conceded, and the record shows, that Oppenheimer did not subscribe his name to the bond. Mr. Justice Story, in Miller v. Stewart, 9 Wheat, 703, 6 L. Ed. 189, expresses the general proposition of law in relation to the' liability of sureties as follows»: “Nothing can be clearer, both upon principle and authority, than the doctrine that the liability of a surety is not to be extended by implication beyond the terms of his contract. To the extent, and in the manner, and under the circumstances pointed out in his obligation, he is bound, and no further. It is not sufficient that he may sustain no injury by a change in the contract, or that it may even be for his benefit. He has a right to stand upon the very term® — 95 — of bis contract; and if be does not assent to anj variation of it, and a variation is made, it is. fatal.” Under tbe general rule above quoted, however, sureties are not permitted to escape liability by making agreements among themselves, or with their principal, of which the obligee has no notice. Upon this subject this court said, in Ney v. Orr, 2 Mont. 559 : “It may be considered as settled that a bond perfect on its face, and apparently duly executed by all whose names appear thereto, purporting to be signed and delivered, and actually delivered without a stipulation, cannot be avoided by the sureties upon the ground that they signed it on condition that it should not be delivered unless it was executed by other persons who did not execute it, where it appears that the obligee-had no notice of such condition, and there was nothing to put him on inquiry about the manner of its execution, and that he had been induced upon the faith of such bond to act to his own prejudice.” But when a bond is delivered to the obligee, showing on its face that it is- incomplete, as that one of the persons named as sureties in the body of the bond has not signed, such fact is sufficient to place the obligee upon inquiry, and the obligee then becomes subject to such a defense as the surety asserts in this case. (Ney v. Orr, supra; Thomas v. Bleakie, 136 Mass. 568; Dair v. United States, 16 Wall. 1, 21 L. Ed. 491; State v. Wallis, 57 Ark. 64, 20 S. W. 811; Cutler v. Roberts, 7 Neb. 4, 29 Am. Rep. 371; Fletcher v. Austin, 11 Vt. 449.) It was the duty of the cityi officers to have inquired concerning the completeness of the bond, and, if the city .must now lose, it is of its own fault. We therefore conclude that the court’s ruling as to the defendant Bray was correct. It follows that the order as to the defendant Cook should be reversed and the cause remanded for a new trial, while as to the defendant Bray the order should be affirmed. Pee. Cueiam. Eor the reasons given in the foregoing opinion. the order as to the defendant Cook-is reversed, and the — 96 — cause is'remanded for a. new1 trial; as to tbei defendant Bray, the order is affirmed.