Strader v. White

Lake, J. In July, 1869, Albert J. Wadsworth and David Everest, who for some time- previous had been doing business together as partners, under the firm name of Wadsworth & Everest, entered into a contract with J. N. Converse & Co. to build a portion of the roadbed of the Midland Pacific Railroad. On the 20th of August following, the defendant in error, as subcontractor under Wadsworth & Everest, took the job of grading sections 28, 29, and 80 of said road, which he duly performed, and from time to time received payments thereon; so that, at the time of bringing this suit, there was still due him the sum of about sixteen hundred dollars. Upon the trial in the Court below, there was no controversy as to the amount of the balance due to Strader on his contract; the real issue being, whether the Whites, or either of them, were so connected with Wadsworth & Everest in their contract ■ with, J. N. Converse & Co., as to make them liable to third persons, as partners with Wadsworth & Everest, for debts contracted and liabilities incurred in carrying forward the work. Upon this issue, the jury found for the plaintiff; and, judgment having been rendered on the verdict, it is here — 358 — now insisted, that, because of certain alleged errors of the Court below upon the trial, the judgment and verdict should be set aside, and a new trial awarded. I will notice the several errors in the order of their assignment. The plaintiff, to maintain the issues on his part, produced several witnesses whose testimony tended very strongly to show, that, before and at the time Wadsworth & Everest toot the job, there existed between them and Francis A. White, who at this time was president of the Midland Pacific Railway Company, a secret arrangement, by which the latter was to have a one-third interest in any contract for grading which they might be able to secure; that in order to mate this interest secure, and at the same time have it appear that he was a disinterested party, Francis A. brought forward his two brothers, the defendants C. J. and G. F. White, and had his one-third interest duly transferred to them by a written assignment in these words: “ For and in consideration of the services to be rendered by C. J. White and G. F. White, we hereby transfer and assign one-third of the net profits of the contract taken by us of J. N. Converse & Co. to do the earth-work, from station 528 to the west end of section 39, inclusive, of the Midland Pacific Railway, to the said C. J. White and G. F. White; and it is further agreed that we shall furnish said G. F. White a weekly statement of all expenditures to be charged to account of contract. Said G. F. White may attend to financial disbursements, and C. J. White may superintend and sub-let said work. “Dated Aug. 2, 1869. (Signed) “Wadsworth & Everest.” The plaintiff having rested his case, the defendant G. F. White was called, and testified that “ F. A. White — 359 — had no interest in the assignment, was not present when it was made, and knew nothing about it. It was given to myself, and brother C. J. White, in payment for services to be rendered by us, — myself as paymaster, and C. J. White as superintendent.” On cross-examination, this witness was interrogated as to whether he had made certain statements out of Court, relative to his and his brother’s connection with Wadsworth & Everest in the grading contract, in conflict with what he had sworn to in his examination in chief; and he answered, that he had not. The plaintiff then offered to prove, by the deposition of Willard and the oral testimony of the witness McCartney, that he had made the very statements out of Court attributed to him; viz., “that Wadsworth & Everest’s cheek was good for fifty thousand dollars at any time, anywhere, from the fact that he and his brothers were partners in the contract; ” and also “that he, G. F. White, and his brothers, run that thing; that Wadsworth & Everest were doing the work for them.” To this the defendants’ counsel objected, for the reason, among several others, that the declarations of G. F. White were not admissible in evidence against F. A. White, and were not proper impeaching testimony. The Court, however, overruled the objection, and permitted his contradictory statements to be given to the jury. In this we perceive no error. The testimony was very clearly admissible for the purpose of impeaching the credibility of G. F. White on a very material branch of the case; and this, doubtless, was the very purpose for which it was received. This evidence of contradictory statements is a very common mode of discrediting a witness, and is resorted to for the purpose of exciting in the minds of the jury a distrust of his testimony as to — 360 — the particular transaction on which the discrepancy arises, and in some cases, indeed, to even raise grave doubts as to the truth of his entire testimony. In all such cases, however, the Court should enforce the rule requiring the statement to be material to the issue, and of giving the witness an opportunity to declare whether he made it; and, if he desires to do so, to explain the nature and particulars of the conversation, and under what circumstances, and with what motive, it was made. In this case, it appears that all of these precautions were duly observed; and we perceive no just ground for complaint on the part of either of the defendants on account of the ruling of the Court. The next ground of error alleged is, “ that the Court erred in the charge and instructions given to the jury on the trial of said action.” Referring to the record, we find that the Court gave to the jury quite an extended charge, going over the entire case, and laying down several distinct propositions of law as applicable to the facts which the jury might find from the evidence. To this the defendants’ counsel interposed a general exception in these words: “ To the giving of which charge and instructions by the Court, the defendants F. A. and G. F. White, by their counsel, except.” Now, there are several propositions of law contained in this instruction to which no objection is urged, and which, it is conceded, state the law correctly. Where this is the case, it is well established in practice that a general exception to the whole charge will be unavailing, even though some of the propositions contained in it be untenable. Each specific portion which is claimed to be erroneous must be distinctly pointed out, and specifically excepted to. McReady v. Rogers, 1 Neb., 124. While this rule of practice is a sufficient — 361 — answer to so general an exception, we have nevertheless carefully examined the instructions in detail, and are satisfied that they laid down the law of the case correctly, and that they were quite as favorable to the defendants as. the testimony would warrant. At the conclusion of this general instruction, the defendants’ counsel tendered the following, which the Court refused to give; and thereupon exceptions were duly taken. 1. “ That the assignment from Wadsworth & Everest to C. J. and G. F. White did not constitute them partners with Wadsworth & Everest, nor render them liable to third persons for the debts of the firm. 2. “ That the assignment read in evidence only raised a presumption of a partnership; and that such presumption might be rebutted by evidence that it was made in consideration of or in payment for services to be rendered by C. J. and G. F. White. 3. “ That the presumption of a partnership was repelled by the terms of the assignment. 4. “ That the evidence of C. J. and G. F. White, if true, was sufficient to repel the presumption of such partnership. 5. “ That, upon the testimony in this case, the jury could not find against all of the defendants Whites, — to wit, Francis A., Charles J., and G. Frederick White, — as partners with Wadsworth & Everest.” The first four of these propositions present the single question, whether, as to third persons, C. J. and G. F. White are liable as copartners with Wadsworth & Everest for debts contracted in the prosecution,of the work. The Court held them liable, and so instructed the jury. Was this instruction right ? It is observable that there is nothing at all ambiguous in the contract, except, perhaps, as to the kind and — 362 — amount of the “ services to be rendered ” by the Whites in consideration of the interests thus transferred to them. This point, however, is made entirely clear by their own testimony, which is wholly consistent with the terms of the assignment, and shows that they were to be of a personal nature, and entirely devoted to the performance of the work from which the profits so assigned were to be derived, and out of which the plaintiff’s demand originated. The financial management of the enterprise was placed under the sole control of G. F. White, to whom weekly statements of all expenditures to be charged to account of the contract were required to be made; while the chief superintendency of the work — the sub-letting of contracts, &e. — was intrusted to 0. J. White. Indeed, the situation of the respective parties to this arrangement would seem to justify the remark made by G. F. White to the witness McCartney, ,— “ that he and his brothers run this thing.” A partnership has been well defined to be a voluntary contract between two or more competent persons to place their money, effects, labor and skill, or some of them, in lawful commerce or business, with the understanding that there shall be a communion of the profits thereof between them. Story on Partnership, sect. 2. More briefly it is defined to be a contract in which two or more persons agree to put in something in common, with the view of dividing the benefit which may result from it. Here we have very clearly presented the ingredients necessary to constitute a partnership. Are any of them wanting in the contract we are considering ? We have the parties competent to contract, each contributing his due proportion to the common stock, with the positive agreement to share the profits in definite proportions between them. The contributions of the Whites, it is true, was not of money or property, but of their skill and — 363 — services, which very frequently are quite as valuable as, and even more requisite than, any thing else, to insure the success of a venture. As to the defendants Wads-worth & Everest, the contract is silent as to their contribution ; but they may be fairly presumed to have undertaken to furnish whatever else was essential to complete the work, inasmuch as they were the original contractors, and alone answerable to J. N. Converse & Co. for the due performance of the work; while the two Whites were let in afterwards to share in the profits upon terms mutually agreed upon between them. It is very clear that we have all the elements combined which are necessary to a partnership as defined by any elementary writer, even as between the parties themselves. It is argued, however, that there is no agreement on the part of the Whites to share in the losses which might occur, and therefore they cannot be held to be partners. This proposition is altogether untenable. In the first place, they could receive no compensation for their skill and labor except out of the net profits. If these failed, they must necessarily share in the losses, at least to the extent of the value of the skill and labor contributed by them. It has been held, that where one person advanced funds for carrying on a particular trade, and another furnished his personal services only in carrying on the trade, for which he was to receive a proportion of the net profits, they were partners between themselves as well as to third persons. Story on Partnership, sect. 58, and cases there cited. And this doctrine is well supported by a large number of cases, both in this country and in England. In the case of Manhattan Brass and Manufacturing Co. v. Sears et al., 45 N. Y., the Court used this language: “ To constitute one a partner as to third persons, it is — 364 — not necessary that he should agree to share in the losses of the business. Sharing in the profits is sufficient. The reason is, that sharing in the profits deprives creditors of a part of the means of payment.” The point, however, that is pressed upon our attention with the greatest force and confidence by the learned counsel for the plaintiffs in error is, that in no event can all three of the Whites be held to be liable as partners ; that even admitting there were such an arrangement at the outset between Francis A. White and Wadsworth & Everest as would make them partners, yet, it being shown that the former had transferred his interest to his brothers, he thereby ceased to be a member of the firm, not only inter sese, but as to third persons also. There is much plausibility and apparent force in this position; and it raises the only question upon which there seems to be any division between the members of this Court as to the correctness of the rulings of the Court below upon the trial. Upon this question the jury were charged in these words : “ The plaintiff has introduced some testimony tending to show that Frank A. White was a silent partner in this grading enterprise. That he was to have a one-third interest in the contract is testified to by the witnesses Wadsworth and Everest, but that this interest was to be held in the names of his brothers Charles and George. You also have the testimony of Frank A. White himself, who denies that he was a partner, or that he had any interest whatever in the contract as to profits. You also have the testimony of his brothers bearing upon this point. “ If you believe the testimony of Everest as to the arrangement which he says was entered into between Wadsworth and himself and Frank A. White as to sharing in the profits of the contract, even though he — 365 — procured the transfer of that interest to his brothers Charles and George so that he might not be known in the transaction, yet if you are satisfied from all the testimony, that, at the time Strader entered into his contract, he (Frank A. White) was still interested in such profits, he must be held liable in this action. On the other hand, if the testimony fails to satisfy your minds that he entered into such secret arrangement, or, having entered into it, had parted with all his interest therein, and had ceased to be such secret partner before Strader took his contract, then he cannot be held liable in this action.” This instruction stated the law of the case correctly; and there being some testimony before the jury tending to show that F. A. White was really interested in the work until its completion, notwithstanding the nominal transfer to his brothers, it only remains to inquire whether that testimony was sufficient to justify the verdict. The defendant Everest swears positively that “the firm of Wadsworth & Everest was composed of Albert J. Wadsworth, David Everest, and Francis A. White. Frank White was to have one-third interest in the contracts. This was a private arrangement, and was made about the 25th of June, 1869 ; and it was arranged at the same time that White’s interest should be assigned to his two brothers, which was done about the 5th of August following.” He further swears that the reason given by White for the assignment of his interest to his brothers was, “ that he wanted it kept secret that he was in.” Considering his relation to the railroad company, it is -not very remarkable that he desired secrecy; for, in the language addressed to Wadsworth & Everest, “ he wanted to see them do well and make money, and Tie wanted to make some too.” — 366 — Wadsworth testifies to substantially the same facts. He says, “ The agreement between Everest and myself and Francis A. White, that he (White) should have an interest in the contracts for the building of the railroad, was made in the back room of White’s office in Nebraska City. White did not want any outside parties to know that he had an interest in the contracts.” On cross-examination he says, “ It was the understanding that he (White) was to become security for the performance of the contract; and he was to have a one-third interest.” It also appears from the testimony of this witness that frequent consultations were had with both F. A. and C. J. White about the work, sub-letting it, &c. John McG-imity, who was one of the sub-contractors, testifies that he made his contract with C. J. White; but it was executed in the name of Wadsworth & Everest. In answer to the question of who paid the laborers under the Wadsworth & Everest contract, he said, “I do not know personally who paid them, except a few whom I paid myself, under the direction of F. A. White, who was custodian of the funds and securities for the parties, — the firm of Wadsworth & Everest.” He also swears that “ J. N. Converse & Co. caused regular monthly estimates for work done to be made in accordance with their contract; and payments for the same have been made in full. A portion of the payments were made to Wads-worth & Everest, a portion to F. A. White upon the order of Wadsworth & Everest, and portions to sundry parties who performed the work, at the instance of F. A. White as custodian of the funds.” Other portions of the testimony might be cited to show .that the question of F. A. White’s interest in the contract was fairly before the jury; but this is enough to furnish a solid foundation for their verdict. It is true that F. A. White contradicts nearly every thing that tends — 367 — to implicate Mm as a partner in the transaction: but, after a careful review of all the testimony, we are satisfied that the arrangement as detailed by Wadsworth & Everest in their testimony was actually entered into, and that F. A. White thereby became interested with them as a secret partner in their railroad contracts; that, notwithstanding his formal transfer to his brothers, he continued in fact to retain his interest therein until the completion of the work. Whether this conclusion be absolutely true or not, does not matter : it was a question for the jury to determine ; and they having found that he was a partner, and there being testimony before them, which, if true, would justify their verdict, it ought not to be disturbed. Now, is there any inconsistency in the verdict being against all three of the Whites ? The evidence would justify a finding against Francis A. White as a partner with Wadsworth & Everest inter sese; while his brothers, in virtue of the assignment, their peculiar relation to the work, and the understanding of the parties, might have been taken and held as partners as to third persons only. Judgment affirmed.