Douglas v. Cameron

Irvine, C. Abijah Hart Norris died intestate August 31, 1894, seized of a large quantity of land in Dixon •county. He left no issue, and no surviving father, mother, brother, or sister. A brother and a sister — 360 — had, however, died before him. The sister had nine children, eight of whom survived the intestate, as did three children of the deceased daughter of the sister. Four children of the brother-survived the intestate. This was an action for partition brought by the eight children and three grand-children of the deceased sister, as plaintiffs, against the four children of the deceásed brother. The district court held that the three grandchildren of the deceased sister toot no estate, and confirmed in each of the surviving children of the brother and sister a one-twelfth interest, — that is, the estate was divided among the intestate’s surviving nephews and nieces per capita. From this judgment the defendants, the four children of the deceased brother, appeal, contending that the estate" should have been divided into halves, one-half to be subdivided among them, and the other-half among the children of the deceased sister, — • that is, their contention is that the inheritance was per stirpes instead of per capita. The three grand-children of the deceased sister also appeal, contending that their exclusion was erroneousj that the intestate’s nephews and nieces should take per capita, each one-thirteenth; and that they should take among them the portion which would have gone to their mother had she survived the* intestate. The question presented is purely one of statutory construction. But little direct light is thrown upon it by the authorities, because, — as. aptly suggested in one of the briefs, — cases relating to the construction of statutes, especially such statutes as we must now consider, depend so much upon -the peculiar phraseology of the statute that, apparently slight differences in language, may — 361 — have a most important bearing, and render a foreign adjudication a source of danger rather than an aid. None of the statutes passed upon by the cases to which we have been cited is exactly like our own, although those of Michigan and Massachusetts are so nearly like ours as to render the decisions of those states helpful in a general way. We will, therefore, forbear reference to cases of other states, except where those cases tend to throw light upon the general theory of modern statutes of descent and the policy of their construction; but this last phrase suggests a comment which should be made in answer to certain arguments in the briefs. With the wisdom or justice of the statute we have nothing to do. The statutes of descent are creations of positive law, and effect must be given to them according to their obvious meaning, regardless of contingencies which the court might think the legislature should have provided for, and regardless of our own notions of abstract justice. (Shellenberger v. Ransom, 41 Neb., 631.) In cases of ambiguity the fact that a particular construction would lead to an absurd or manifestly unjust result may be a reason for presuming that the legislature did not intend such construction. Beyond this such reasoning is without value.' Our statute is as follows: “When any person shall die seized-of any lands, tenements, or hereditaments, or of any right thereto, or entitled to any interest therein in fee-simple, or for the life of another, not having lawfully devised the same, they shall descend, subject to his debts, in the manner following: First — In equal shares to his children, and to the lawful issue of any deceased child by right of representation; and if there b*e no child of the intestate — 362 — living at his death, his estate shall descend to all his other lineal descendants; and if all the said descendants are in the same degree of kindred to the intestate, they shall have the estate equally; otherwise they shall take according to the right of representation. Second — If he shall have no issue, his estate shall descend to his widow during her natural lifetime, and, after her decease, to his father; and if he shall have no issue nor widow, his estate shall descend to his father. Third — If he shall have no issue, nor widow, nor father, his estate shall descend in equal shares to his brothers and sisters, and to the children of any deceased brother or sister, by right of representation; Provided, That if he shall have a mother also, she shall take an equal share with his brothers and sisters. Fourth — If the intestate shall leave no issue, nor widow, nor father, and no brother nor sister living at his death, his estate shall descend to his mother, to the exclusion of the issue, if any, of the deceased brother and sister. Fifth— If the intestate shall leave no issue, nor widow, and no father, mother, brother, nor sister, his estate shall descend to his next of kin, in equal degree, excepting that when there are two or more collateral kindred in equal degree but claiming through different ancestors, those who claim through the nearest ancestor shall be preferred to those claiming through an ancestor more remote; Provided, however, Sixth — If any person shall die, leaving several children, or leaving one child, and the issue of one or more other children, and any such, surviving child shall die under age, and not having been married, all the estate that came to the deceased child, by inheritance from such deceased parent, shall descendln equal shares to the — 363 — other children of the same parent and to the issue of any such other children who shall have died, by right of representation. Seventh — If, at the death of such child who shall die under age, and not having been married, all the other children of his said parent shall also be dead, and any of them shall have left issue, the estate that came to said child, by inheritance from his said parent, shall descend to all the issue of other children of the same parent; and if all the said issue are in the same degree oif kindred to said child, they shall share the said estate equally; otherwise they shall take according to the right of representation. Eighth — If the intestate shall leave a widow and no kindred, his estate shall descend to such widow. Ninth — If the intestate shall have no widow, nor kindred, his estate shall escheat to the people of this state.” (Compiled Statutes, 1895, ch. 23, sec. 30.) The first group of appellants claims that the case falls under the third subdivision of the section quoted; while the second group, the sister’s grand-children, claims that it falls under the fifth subdivision. Strictly speaking, it must fall within one or the other of these provisions, although in determining which, and the construction to be given the clause found to apply, the whole section must be construed together. Indeed, the grand-children referred to, in order to make out their claim, are compelled not only to bring the case within the fifth clause, but to engraft upon that clause the principle of representation found in the third clause. We shall first consider the contention of the four defendants, the children of the deceased brother. Sir William Blackstone, after defining inheritance per stirpes, says, speaking of the civil — 364 — law: “And so among- collaterals, if any person of equal degree with the persons represented were still subsisting (as if the deceased left one brother * • * * )r the succession was still guided by the roots; but, if both of the brethren were dead leaving issue, then (I apprehend) their representatives in equal degree became themselves principals, and shared the inheritance per capita, — that is, share and share alike; they being themselves now the next in degree to the ancestor, in their own right, and not by right of representation. So, if the next heirs of Titius be six nieces, three by one sister, two by another, and one by a third, his inheritance, by the Roman law, was divided into six parts, and one given to each of the nieces, whereas the law of England in this case would still divide it only into three parts, and distribute it per stirpes, thus: one-third to the three children who represent one sister, another third to the two who represent the second, and the remaining third to the one child who is the sole representative of her mother.” (2 Blackstone, Commentaries, 217.) This is stated as the common law rule; but immediately following what we have quoted the reason therefor is given that it is a necessary consequence of the preference given at the common law to male issue and to the first-born among the males, to both of which the Roman law is a stranger. (2 Blackstone, Commentaries, 218.) Blackstoné’s discussion of the canons of descent has been by no means free from criticism; but whether or not he in this respect accurately stated the provisions of the civil and of the common law, and the reasons for their distinction, his words are of great importance, because during the whole formative period of the American law of descent, at least — 365 — outside of the original colonies, Blackstone’s Commentaries was generally accepted as the embodiment of the common law. Every student resorted to it as teaching the elements of his profession. Most practitioners regarded it as the authoritative statement of the English law at the period of separation. So that those who framed the existing statutes of descent may safely be presumed to have been guided largely by what is there said as to rules of law which they were about to redeclare or alter, and as to the reasons for their existence. Referring to the text in this light, it is significant that in America the most general and- earliest departures from the common law were in the abolishment of primogeniture and the preference of males. These changes swept away the reasons given by Blackstone for representation among col-laterals; and it must have been in the minds of the. framers of the statutes to follow another maxim frequently expressed by Blackstone, and sweep away the law itself, together with the reasons for its existence. Accordingly we find Chief Justice Shaw saying in 1850: “It is a plain rule of law, that those who take property, as a class of persons described, where there is nothing in the law making the appropriation to distinguish their respective rights, take in equal shares” (Knapp v. Windsor, 6 Cush. [Mass.], 156); and elsewhere in the opinion it is said that the expression in the statute, of a preference in the same words as that contained in the fifth clause of our statute, shows that in other cases heirs take p.er capita, and again: “The rule of representation applies only from necessity, or where there are lineal heirs in different degrees.” As before remarked, the statute of Massachusetts is very much like our own. So — 366 — similar in fact that it is more than probable that directly or indirectly onrs was modeled upon that upon which Chief Justice Shaw was commenting; so that his language is entitled to especial weight. The point, however, we desire to impress is that at the time he wrote, representation in America was not presumed, but was only applied where the statute affirmatively provided therefor. Other Massachusetts cases of less weight as indicating a general policy of the law, but more directly in point as to interpretation, are Snow v. Snow, 111 Mass., 389, and Balch v. Stone, 149 Mass., 371. The significance of these cases is chiefly in the fact that they construe such language as “next of kin in equal degree” as implying a taking per capita by the class described. The case of Houston v. Davidson, 45 Ga., 574, is also instructive as indicating that a per capita distribution is intended except within the degrees where representation per stirpes is expressly provided. Indeed we understand counsel for the defendants to practically concede this point by admitting that if the case does not fall within the third subdivision, which provides for representation, a distribution per capita must be made. We think, however, the case falls within the fifth and not the third clause. The section undertakes to provide a complete scheme of descent, beginning with the issue of the intestate, exhausting all blood kindred, providing for a single case, that of the widow, where the inheritance is made to pass by affinity in the absence of kindred by blood, and ending with escheat to the state. The first clause provides that the children shall take in equal shares, and the lawful issue of any deceased child by right of representation. This is followed by an express provision — 367 — whereby if no child of the intestate survive him, the estate shall descend to the more remote descendants per capita, if they are all in the same degree, otherwise per stirpes. This clause is significant on the question before us, in this: that thus at the very outset we find that the rule is different where one child survives, and where they are all dead. Representation is almost uniformly recognized more fully in the case of direct descendants than in the case of collaterals; and, therefore, it would be a strange thing if the legislature should provide for a descent per capita among lineal heirs under circumstances where the descent would be per stirpes among collaterals. The fact that this distinction is created in the first clause is of service in construing the third, fourth, and fifth. The second clause is unimportant to the discussion, except that by the joint effect of the first and second, lineal heirs, both in the ascending and descending line, are provided for, so that with the third clause the consideration of collateral begins. The third provides that in the absence of issue, widow, and father, the estate shall descend in equal shares to brothers and sisters “and to children of any deceased brother or sister, by right of representation.” It is contended that the case before us is covered by this clause, and that the provision for representation in favor of the children of “any” deceased brother or sister extends to the case where all brothers and sisters are deceased. If this were true, as we have already suggested, it would be somewhat remarkable in view of the express provision to the contrary in the case of deceased children, but we think the subsequent clauses show that it is not true, and expressly carry out the analogy of the — 368 — first clause. The third provides for the absence of issue, widow, and father; and the prior death of “any deceased brother or sister.” The fourth provides for a case where there is neither issue, widow, father, “and no brother nor sister living at his death.” In this case the estate goes to the mother to the exclusion of the issue of any deceased brother or sister. Here, then, is evidently a case not within the third section, for the sole reason that there is no surviving brother or sister. In determining whether or not a case falls within the third or fourth clause it becomes absolutely necessary to interpret the third clause as, if following the phrase “any deceased brother or sister,” there was added “a brother or sister surviving.” Then comes the fifth clause, which provides for the case where there is left neither issue, widow, father, brother or sister, nor mother, which is the case before us, and which differs from the fourth section only in that it excludes the case of a surviving mother. These three clauses, therefore, form a scheme of inheritance among collaterals, embracing incidentally the case of the mother. They pursue an exclusive process, and must be read, in order to give the whole effect, as if, in addition to stating what kindred do not survive, they also stated that there were surviving those next in degree not- named in the excluding clauses. As the case falls within the fifth clause, it follows from what has already been said that a distribution per capita is required. The case of the sister’s grand-children is perhaps less clear, but we think the district court was also correct in its ruling upon their claim. What we have already said in regard to the general policy, whereby representation exists only by ne — 369 — •cessity or in cases expressly provided, is applicable to this branch of the case. Among lineal ■descendants representation is expressly provided for, without limitation as to degree, the language being, “If all the said descendants are in the same ■degree of kindred to the intestate, they shall have the estate equally, otherwise they shall take according to the right of representation.” The sixth and seventh clauses, containing additional provisions for lineal descent, are in similar language. ‘The language of the fifth clause is that the estate ¡shall descend “to his next of kin in equal degree, excepting that when there are two or more collateral kindred in equal degree, but claiming ■through different ancestors, those who claim through the nearest ancestor shall be preferred to those claiming through an ancestor more remote.” By section 33, degrees of kindred are to be computed according to the civil law; so that these three plaintiffs, whom for convenience we have referred to as grand-children, stand one degree more remote than the other parties to the action. The first, sixth, and seventh clauses provide for representation among lineals of unequal degree. 'The fifth clause provides that those who are nearest shall be preferred to those who are more remote.' The seventh canon of descent as stated by Blackstone is, “that in collateral inheritances the male stock shall be preferred to the female.” (2 Blackstone, Commentaries, 234.) The term “preferred” was there used in the sense of entirely excluding the female stock provided male stock survived, and that, we think, is the general use of the term in such connection. It seems to be the policy of all the statutes at some point more or less remote to cut off representation entirely among — 370 — collaterals, and where, because of unequal degrees of kinship, representation would otherwise be necessary, to defeat it by making a per capita distribution among those nearest in degree and excluding the more remote. Our law seems to reach that period where, at any point among collaterals» beyond the children of brothers and sisters, the-surviving kindred fall into unequal degrees. This-is the construction given elsewhere to statutes resembling ours. (Van Cleve v. Van Fossen, 73 Mich., 342; Schenck v. Vail, 24 N. J. Eq., 538; Bigelow v. Morong, 103 Mass., 287; Davis v. Stinson, 53 Me., 493; Conant v. Kent, 130 Mass., 178.) Cases holding a different rule, so far as we have found any, have been under statutes which by their clear language required a different construction. The judgment of the district court was in all respects correct. Judgment affirmed.