Bourgeois v. Gapen

Irvine, C. This action was, in form, a proceeding to declare a trust and compel a conveyance by the defendants to Bourgeois, the plaintiff. Under appropriate pleadings the plaintiff offered evidence tending to prove that he was, in 1889, the owner of a certain lot in the city of Chicago, on which was erected a house; that there was an incumbrance thereon in the form of a mortgage for about §5,000. It seems that there were also judgments against Bourgeois, or claims of some kind, which were also liens on the property. Bourgeois then lived in Omaha. He was distressed by the condition of the property and consulted Gapen, a friend or social acquaintance, with regard to placing the matter in the hands of some one in Chicago, that it might be properly handled. Gapen referred Bourgeois to one Swisher, a relative of Gapen, and a power of attorney was executed to Swisher whereby the latter was authorized to sell and convey, to execute deeds, and to do everything necessary to be done for the purpose of disposing of the property. Bourgeois then went on a visit to France. While he was absent, claims against the property wore pressed, and in order to save it Gapen advanced certain moneys, under the agreement with Swisher that he was to be repaid with interest at ten per cent. To secure him Swisher executed to him a deed, in form absolute. Bourgeois ratified this contract. After Bourgeois returned Gapen represented to him that he could not carry the property longer; that he had ad — 366 — varieed. $1,500; that lie could trade it for other property in Chicago which could be disposed of, and that he would pay to Burgeois any surplus that might so arise after satisfying his own claim. Thereupon Bourgeois executed another deed to Gapen. Some time afterwards Gapen paid him about $150, which he represented to be the surplus agreed to be paid. It was later, however, discovered that Gapen had in fact exchanged the property for a lot in Omaha. Then Bourgeois began this action to have Gapen declared a trustee for him as to that lot, and tendering such sum as might be found due on an accounting. It was alleged that certain fraudulent conveyances had been made by Gapen to Wallace and by Wallace to Morris, and it was asked that these be vacated. It seems that Gapen had borrowed money from Wallace and had conveyed the Omaha lot to him as security; that he had repaid the loan, and at his request the reconveyance was made to Morris. The court vacated these deeds, and they need not again be referred to, unless perhaps as evidence directed to the issue of Gapen’s good faith or lack thereof. On the part of the defendants the evidence tended to show that after Bourgeois returned from France, Gapen proposed to him that he make a deed whereby that made by Swisher, which it is conceded was a mortgage, should- be rendered absolute, and that the second deed was executed for that purpose. It was calculated that the amount of Gapen’s advances, together with remaining liens, would be a little more than the highest offer which had been obtained for the Chicago property. Gapen was, therefore, to take the property for his advances and assume the debts which were charges thereon. It was thought that one lien might be defeated. If so, Gapen was to pay the amount thereof to Bourgeois. This lien was defeated, and Gapen paid the money to Bourgeois. This is the payment which Bourgeois claimed represented the surplus. Gapen is in this respect corroborated by strong documentary evidence. Gapen claims that he thus became — 367 — the absolute owner of tbe Chicago property and had a right to do with it and its proceeds as be saw fit. Tbe court found for the plaintiff, and ordered an accounting of Gapen’s expenditures on tbe Chicago property. On the accounting all the evidence leading to tbe interlocutory decree was reintroduced, together with further evidence on tbe direct issues presented. Tbe court, by its final decree, awarded to Gapen, not only what be bad expended on tbe Chicago property, but also a broker’s commission and other expenses of effecting tbe exchange, and taxes paid on tbe Omaha property. This it required Bourgeois to pay as a condition of redemption. Bourgeois seeks a reversal. Bourgeois assigns as error certain orders whereby be was denied tbe right to interpose a supplemental petition after tbe interlocutory decree. These rulings were without prejudice, if tbe supplemental petition tendered no facts warranting relief other than was finally obtained. One thing pleaded was certain acts of Gapen which, it is claimed, operated as an acceptance of tbe terms of tbe interlocutory decree. As Gapen now accepts that decree with its consequences, Bourgeois has obtained all tbe benefit which could have resulted from tbe supplemental petition in that regard. Tbe remaining’ averments relate to depreciation in tbe value of tbe property. This subject can be best treated at another stage of tbe opinion. Bourgeois claims that bis proof, sustained by tbe general finding for tbe plaintiff in tbe interlocutory decree, shows that Gapen was guilty of actual fraud, and that, under tbe rule in Goble v. O’Connor, 43 Neb. 49, plaintiff should, therefore, not be compelled to pay anything as a condition for relief, at least nothing advanced after tbe conveyance was made of tbe Chicago property. The doctrine of Goble v. O’Connor is that where one in tbe pursuit of a willful scheme to defraud expends money in procuring tbe plaintiff’s property, be has no standing in equity to require indemnity from tbe party defrauded as a con — 368 — dition of granting the latter relief. Is that case here in point? In the first place, an interlocutory decree is not res judicata, and the court on the final hearing may set it aside. If the findings in the final decree are inconsistent with those in the interlocutory, the former prevail. (Ellis v. Harris, 56 Neb. 398.) If the accounting, when taken with the findings in the interlocutory decree, proceeded on a basis inconsistent with Goble v. O'Connor, then perhaps we would be obliged to disregard the earlier findings and follow those of the final decree. But that is unnecessary here. It is conceded that the transaction began in good faith; that Gapen did advance some money on the Chicago property; that he took the conveyance by Swisher as security therefor. It follows that Gapen had a valid mortgage. Bourgeois admits that after he returned from France it was agreed between him and Gapen that the latter should proceed to handle the Chicago property, to pay charges against it, to repair, to rent if practicable, to sell or exchange it, to do anything in fact which he might see fit, and to hold the title as security for all expenses thereby incurred. Gapen then had the right to exchange it for the Omaha property or for anything else. If he had made full disclosures to Bourgeois, he might still have done as he actually did, and Bourgeois’ right would be merely an equity of redemption in the Omaha property, charged with all such expenses. The fraud, if there was any, consisted in only two things: representing the ajnount advanced as greater than it really was at the time, but less than it would be when Gapen should have performed his agreement, and less than it in fact soon became; secondly, in concealing the fact of the exchange for the Omaha property. According to both sides, all parties thought the transaction closed with the conveyance of the Chicago property. Gapen thought his title had become absolute. Bourgeois thought it had been traded for other Chicago property, that the latter had been sold, and that, after paying his debt, he had received a mere pittance to represent — 369 — his equity. The utmost effect of the fraud, if successful, would have been to treat as absolute the Omaha title, which was in law a mortgage. When it is decreed a mortgage, Bourgeois gains all that wrould have been his if perfect good faith had been exercised. The principle which denies compensation to one who in the perpetration of an active fraud, and as a means of perpetrating it, expends money, does not extend to the forfeiture of all claims, even those arising independent of the fraud, and which would be debts enforceable if the fraud had not existed. This consideration disposes of the allowances made for expenditures on the Chicago property, and sustains the findings as to those items. Some attack is made on certain of these items as unnecessary expenditures. Gapen’s plenary power to manage that properly entitles him to all expenses thereby incurred in good faith. So far as we can see, the items allowed were reasonable expenditures for handling the property. No question can be made so far as the items represent liens discharged; that was the primary purpose of the arrangement. Repairs on the house in order to render it habitable, expenses of taking persons to see it with a view to buying, the expense of a watchman, — these constitute nearly all the rest of the charges, and, under.the evidence, we think they were not only incurred in good faith, but were almost demanded. As, according to Bourgeois’ own theory of the contract, Gapen was to exchange the property if he saw fit, we must also hold that the broker’s commission and other expenses of the exchange were properly allowed. The taxes on the Omaha property were certainly a proper charge. If the exchange had not been made, Gapen might for his own protection have paid the taxes in Chicago and added them to the debt. Under his contract he was really bound to do so. Therefore, when the plaintiff follows his equity into the Omaha property, it must be charged with similar burdens, especially as it does not appear that the burden was increased by the exchange. ' • ■ ’ — 370 — Plaintiff complains tliat he was allowed nothing for rents, and was denied a credit for depreciation in value of the Omaha property before his interest was discovered and while Gapen has been resisting redemption. The Omaha property is a vacant lot, agreed to be without rental value during the period in question. All efforts to rent the Chicago property had also been unavailing. Ga-pen’s possession has been constructive at best. Under such circumstances rents are never allowed, for the very good reason that there are none and can be none to allow. But it is argued that, in the absence of rent, compensation should be given in the form of interest. In the circumstances of this property this cannot be permitted. (Peugh v. Davis, 113 U. S. 542.) The contention that plaintiff should be allowed a credit to the extent of depreciation in value is, we think, not tenable. Violet v. Rose, 39 Neb. 661, is invoked on this point. That was a case where a vendor of land refused to make the conveyance when he should have made it, but finally did convey, and it was held that the vendee’s measure of damages was the difference in value at the time the conveyance should have béen made and when it was made. This rule was induced from that applied in analogous cases of sales. The principle involved seems to have a bearing on a case where a mortgagee vexatiously refuses to accept a redemption; but in the one case the anticipated value is an essential part of the bargain, in the other there is no contract of that character. Mortgagors and mortgagees contract with reference to the value at the time the mortgage is made, and both take their chances of fluctuations. The unearned increment, and a loss occurring, not by reason of waste, but because of a general and uncontrollable depreciation of values, are alike matters which the courts can never hope to adjust with perfect equity, and which they never have undertaken to adjust in accountings between mortgagor and mortgagee. Peugh v. Davis, supra, is a case in its general features strikingly like that at bar, as may be — 371 — seen by reference to the opinion therein on a former appeal. (96 U. S. 332.) It was there insisted, as here, that the mortgagor was entitled to a credit on account of depreciation during the period when the mortgagee was insisting that his title was absolute: ■ It was held that such a credit could not be allowed in an accounting on the mortgage for the purpose of redemption. Indeed, generally speaking, the.only penalty which the courts have visited upon a mortgagee who even vexatiously resists redemption is the taxation of costs against him. (Snagg v. Frizell, 3 Jo. & La. [Ir.] 383; Slee v. Manhattan Co., 1 Paige [N. Y.] 48; Still v. Buzzell, 60 Vt. 478; Turner v. Johnson, 95 Mo. 431.) While we have not taken up the assignments of error in their order, or even discussed them separately, we believe the conclusions expressed cover the whole of the argument. Affirmed.