Burling v. Estate of Allvord

Albert, O. At the date of his decease, which occurred some time previous to January 25, 1897, Coke A. Collett held a contract of sale for 80 acres of school land in Gage county, Nebraska. He was living on this land with his wife and an only child, Lulu May Collett, at the time of his death, the same being their homestead. January 25, 1897, his ividow, who had again married and whose name was then Mary Connor, sold and assigned this school land contract to George Allvord, and in August, 1898, he sold and assigned the same to Harry H. Burling, the plaintiff herein, for $2,000, subject to the amount still due the state Mrs. Connor, the former wife of Coke A. Collett, died — 862 — on March 25, 1897, previous to the assignment by All-vord to the plaintiff. Some time after this assignment Allvord died, an administrator of his estate was duly appointed, and the probate court entered an order, in accordance with the provisions of section 217, ch. 23, Comp. St. 1903, requiring all claims against his estate to. be filed within six months from May 4, 1900, of which due notice was given. It is conceded that Collett died intestate, and that his widow never obtained any order of court for the sale and transfer of the school land contract made to Allvord. From this statement it will be seen that on Collett’s death his widow became possessed of a life estate in the 80 acres of school land covered by the land contract, and that the remainder descended to his daughter and only heir. Section 17, ch.. 36, Comp. St. Her assignment to Allvord conveyed, therefore, only her life estate, and this was extinguished by her death March 25, 1897, and previous to the assignment made by Allvord to the plaintiff. Such assignment, therefore, conveyed no title to the plaintiff, but, as we understand from the record, he took, and held possession up to February, 1902. Some time previous to February 7, 1902, Lulu May Collett, who had then attained her majority, asserted title to the land and employed an attorney to bring proceedings to recover possession. On being notified' of this .claim, the plaintiff, accompanied by his attorney, wont to Fairbury, where Miss Collett was then residing, and purchased her title, paying therefor the sum of $1,400. April 17, 1902, the plaintiff filed his claim against the estate of George Allvord for the' slim of $1,400 paid to Miss Collett, and for a further sum of expenses incurred in and about securing her'title. It will be seen that this claim was filed some 18 months after the expiration of the time fixed by the probate court for filing claims. The probate court refused to allow the claim, and the plaintiff appealed to the district court, alleging in his petition that at the time he took an assignment of this contract Allvord falsely and fraudulently staff'd and represented that lie had good title to the con — 863 — tract; that he possessed all the right, title and interest in and to the land described in and conyeyed by said contract, and had good right and lawful authority to sell the same and the premises conveyed therein, subject only to the interest of the state of Nebraska Avhich, it is conceded, was the sum remaining unpaid thereon, being about $500; that plaintiff relied on said representations, knew nothing to the contrary, and had no knowledge of the outstanding title until January, 1902. The district court held that the claim was barred, and on that theory directed a verdict for the estate. After perfecting an appeal, the plaintiff died, and the cause was revived in the name of - his administra-trix. Is the claim barred? To find the answer to this question we must look, not to the general statute of limitations fixing the time within which actions may be brought, but to the specific provisions of the decedent act limiting the time for filing claims against estates of deceased persons. Section 226, cli. 23, Comp. St., as it stood prior to its amendment in 1901, is as follows: “Every person having a claim against a deceased person proper to be allowed by .the judge or commissioners, who shall not, after the giving of notice as required in the two hundred and fourteenth section of this chapter, exhibit his claim to the judge or commissioners, within the time limited by the court for that purpose, shall be forever barred from recovering such demand or from setting off the same in any action whatever.” This section was amended in 1901 so as to include claims of every character, “whether due or to grow due, whether absolute or contingent.” From our recital of the facts it will be seen that the claim was filed long after the expiration of the time fixed by the probate court for the filing of claims, and is unquestionably barred by the provisions of section 226, supra, unless there be some other provision of the státute governing the case. It is contended, however, that Burling’s claim did not accrue or become absolute until he bought the outstanding title of Lulu May Collett in order to avoid eviction, and, — 864 — consequently, that the claim falls within the provisions of section 262, ch. 23, Comp. St., which is as follows: “If the claim of any person shall accrue or become absolute at any time after the time limited for creditors to present their claims, the person having such 'claim may present it to the probate court, and prove the same at any time within one year after it shall accrue or become absolute; and if established in the manner provided in this subdivision, the executor or administrator shall be required to pay it, if he shall have sufficient assets for that purpose, and shall be required to pay such part as he shall have assets to pay, and if real or personal estate shall after-wards come to his possession, he shall be required to pay such claim, or such part as he may have assets sufficient to pay, not exceeding the proportion of the other creditors, in such time as the probate court may prescribe.” Whether the amendment of sec. 226, supra, in 1901, operates as a repeal by implication of sec. 262, and, if so, whether plaintiff’s claim, growing out of a transaction antedating such repeal, is affected thereby, are questions admitting of some doubt, but we do not deem it necessary to go into them, because we are satisfied that the claim is not one that accrued or became absolute after the expiration of the time limited for creditors to file their claims. It should be kept in mind that the claim is not for a breach of covenant of title or seisin, but for damages for alleged false and fraudulent representations. If it were the former, then the authorities holding that no right of action accrues until an eviction, actual or constructive, would be in point. But the claim is founded on alleged false and fraudulent representations made by Allvord Avith respect to his title. The alleged wrong was fully perpetrated when Burling parted with his money on the strength of such representations. The authorities are nearly uniform that in cases of this character a cause of action arises at once upon the perpetration of the fraud. In the well-considered case of Northrop v. Hill, 57 N. Y. 351, it Avas said: “When a party to a contract is guilty of fraud, he com865 units a wrong for which he is liable to the defrauded party, to pay, at least, nominal damages. The act of entering into contract relations implies that the parties are to deal in good faith with each other. On no other basis can the minds of the parties he expected to meet. If one of them, professing in this way to act in good faith, in fact, commits a fraud, lie breaks the implied obligation he is under, and should be made to respond in damages. It is no ansAver to say that the defrauded party may rescind the contract. That course is at his option.' He may elect to affirm it, and have his action for such damages as he may proAre, whether substantial or otherwise. If he proves no special damage, he should, at least, recover nominal damages for the breach of the implied promise to act in good faith. It is familiar laAV that a party may have an action for breach of duty, though he sustains no positive damage and there is no intention to do Avrong.” In support of this rule the court quotes from the case of Allaire v. Whitney. 1 Hill (N. Y.), 848, as follows: “Once established, therefore, that in all matters of pecuniary dealings, in all matters of contract, a man has a legal right to demand that his neighbor shall be honest, and the consequence follows, viz., if he be drawn into a contract by fraud, this is an injury actionable per sc. Indeed it Avould not be difficult, in all such cases, to show the degree of actual damage. The time of the injured party has been consumed in doing a vain thing, and time is money. * ⅜ ⅜ Fraud is a thing grievously amiss, and, above all, odious to the. laAV; and fraud in a contract can hardly be conceived without being attended with damage in fact.” The plaintiff undoubtedly had an action for damages when the fraud Avas perpetrated. That he did not and could not knoAv the full damages he might sustain at the* time does not alone toll the statute until the full consequences are known. In the leading case of Betts v. Norris, 21 Me. 314, 38 Am. Dec. 264, this question was thoroughlv — 866 — examined, and the courts of this country have followed that decision with great unanimity. The action was one against a deputy sheriff for nonfeasance in not attaching sufficient property in favor of the plaintiff to satisfy a judgment afterwards recovered thereon. It was there argued, as here, that the cause of action did not accrue until it was ascertained what damage1 had been sustained. In answer to this the court said: “In the can at bar, whether the defendant, by not attaching more property, did the plaintiff a Avrong, depended upon the amount of his debt. That amount did not depend on any subsequent proceeding. It Avas the same at the time he commenced his suit for it, that' it Avas at the rendition of judgment; with the exception of the damage for the detention of the debt. The A\rrong done to the plaintiff, therefore, occurred AAhen the nonfeasance took place, and not Avhen it came to be ascertained, by subsequent events, Avhat the precise amount of the injury turned out to be.” If we are right in supposing that the plaintiff had a cause of action AAhen the contract Avas closed and the money paid, there can be no doubt that the bar of the statute then commenced to run in favor of the defendant, unless saved by the exception relating to a nondiscovery of the fraud. In Wood, Limitations (3d ed.), sec. 177, it is said: “In the case of torts arising quasi cx contractu, the statute usually commences to run from the date of the tort, not from the occurrence of actual damage1. ’ And at sec. 178, he further states the rule as MIoavs : “Although, as has been seen, time commences usually to run in defendant’s favor from the1 time of his Avrongdoing, and not from the time of the occurrence to the plaintiff of any consequential damage, yet in order to produce this result it is necessary that the Avrongdoing should be such that nominal damages may be immediately recovered.” In his brief the plaintiff has cited cases to the effect that, on a sale of personal property Avhere possession Avas delivered, it is no defense to an action for the price that the vendor — 867 — had no title to the property sold, as long as the vendee is not disturbed in his possession of the property. Linton v. Porter, 31 Ill. 107; Webster v. Laws, 89 N. Car. 224; Gross v. Kierski, 41 Cal. 111, and Close v. Crossland, 47 Minn. 500. Those cases, we think, have no application here. In every sale of personal property there is an implied warranty on the part of the vendor that he has good title to the same. Until breach of warranty by the assertion and enforcement of a superior title the vendee has no canse of action. His action, then, is upon contract, upon the warranty of his vendor, and no cause of action can, in the nature of things, accrue until a breach of the warranty. Here the action is for a tort, for the fraud committed. The distinction between the cases is radical and obvious. But it is contended on behalf of the plaintiff that the claim should not be held to have accrued or become absolute until the discovery of the fraud. The general statute of limitations expressly provides that actions for relief on the ground of fraud shall not be held to have accrued until the discovery of the fraud. But, as we have seen, this action is governed by the statute of nonclaim, and not by the general statute of limitations. The statute of nonclaim makes no exception in favor of claims grounded on fraud. The general rule, supported by an almost unbroken line of authorities, is that the statute of nonclaim runs in all cases and under all circumstances, unless otherwise provided. 8 Am. & Eng. Ency. Law. 1079; 18 Cyc. 471. There are exceptions to this rule, but none covering plaintiff’s claim. The plaintiff’s claim accrued and became absolute, within the meaning of the statute, during the lifetime of Allvord and does not, therefore, come within the provision of section 262 of the decedent act, but within the provisions of section 226, whereby all claims not filed against the estate within the time fixed by the probate court for the filing of claims are forever barred. We see no escape from the conclusion reached by the learned district court. We reach this conclusion with less reluctance, because of grave doubts — 868 — in our minds whether the plaintiff would be entitled to recover were the bar of the statute removed. It is therefore recommended that the judgment of the district court be affirmed. Duffie and Jackson, 00., concur. By the Court: For the reasons stated in the foregoing opinion, the judgment of the district court is Affirmed.