Miller v. Raymond

Root, J. This is an action for damages flowing from injuries to plaintiffs’ cattle, alleged to have been caused by the use of crude petroleum purchased from defendants for dipping said live stock. Defendants prevailed, and plaintiffs appeal. Plaintiffs allege, in substance, that at the time of the transactions referred to in their petition they owned a herd of cattle within territory covered by a proclamation — 544 — of the government directing that all cattle therein should be dipped to prevent the spread of mange; that the bureau of animal industry liad issued a pamphlet recommending the use of crude petroleum for dipping cattle, describing the oil suitable for said purpose, and warning the public that oils not containing the qualities detailed in the pamphlet were dangerous and likely to destroy cattle dipped therein. Plaintiffs further allege that defendants possessed a copy of said pamphlet, wdiich contained, among other things, the following: “It is to be observed that petroleum from different wells in the Beaumont region varies considerably, some wells producing a thick heavy oil as low as 15° gravity Baume, other wells producing a light oil 22° to 23° gravity, and some even higher, a production recently showing 29-J°. The bureau experiments with the different oils have shown that the thick heavy oil of low gravity is apt to irritate the skins of animals dipped in it, sometimes producing quite serious results, Avhile the light oil is more bland and not liable to injure the animals. It is therefore important that only the light, higher gravity oil should be used for dipping purposes. In ordering, the kind of oil should be distinctly specified as Beaumont crude petroleum of 22-J-° to 24-|-° Baume, containing l-§' to T|- per cent, sulphur, and that 40 per cent, will distil over when the oil is heated to a temperature of 200° to 300° C.” Plaintiffs further charge that they applied to defendants for oil of the quality recommended in said pamphlet for the purpose of dipping their cattle, ordered about 800 gallons thereof, and later procured 700 gallons of the liquid from defendants; tiiat they did not know the quality of the oil thus received by them, and could not by inspection or test determine that fact, but relied on the information and knowledge of defendants; that defendants did not order oil according to the directions contained in said pamphlet, and failed and neglected to furnish oil with the qualities specified in said circular, but delivered to plaintiffs other oil with destructive qualities; and that defendants knew — 545 — plaintiffs intended to use said liquid for dipping their cattle. Plaintiffs further plead that, believing the oil they received from defendants contained the qualities named in said pamphlet, they dipped their cattle in the liquid, to the injury of said stock and their own damage. The answer contains a general denial, and an allegation that the oil was ordered by defendants at plaintiffs’ request and in accordance with their instructions. The reply is a general denial. Alleged errors of law occurring at the trial and errors in the giving and refusing to give instructions are assigned and argued in the brief, but in our view of the case it will be unnecessary to discuss those assignments for the reason that the pleadings and evidence will not in our judgment sustain a verdict for plaintiffs. The action is not to recover for the difference in value, if any existed, between the oil ordered and that delivered to plaintiffs, nor are defendants charged with malice or fraud. The word warranty does not appear in the pleadings; but, from a statement made in the district court by plaintiffs’ counsel, we conclude that the purpose of the suit is to recover upon an implied warranty that the oil was reasonably suitable for the purposes for which plaintiffs expected to use it. Plaintiffs in effect contend that a sale by description carries with it an implied warranty not only that the chattel shall answer to the specifications, but that it is suitable for the purpose for which it is bought. It is quite generally held that, where a manufacturer or dealer contracts to supply an article which he produces or in which he deals, to be applied to a particular purpose, so that the buyer necessarily trusts to the judgment or skill of the vendor, an implied warranty exists that the goods shall be reasonably fit for the purposes for which they are ordered. Jones v. Just, 3 L. R. Q, B. (Eng.) *197; Omaha Coal, Coke & Lime Co. v. Fay, 37 Neb. 68. But, where the purchaser specifies the qualities, dimensions or characteristics which the article to be supplied shall — 546 — possess, the buyer necessarily relies upon his own judgment or knoAvledge, and not upon the knowledge, judgment or experience of the seller. Milwaukee Boiler Co. v. Duncan, 87 Wis. 120. In the instant case the oil was not an article manufactured by man, but a product of nature. Plaintiffs and defendants AArere in equal ignorance concerning the constituents of the liquid. Defendants did not profess to have any knowledge of the subject, and plaintiffs knew that defendants had not been handling crude petroleum. Plaintiffs and defendants alike received their information from the government pamphlet. This circular informed the reader that oil secured from different wells in the Beaumont district was not of uniform quality. Three specifications as to quality and one concerning locality Avere given in the pamphlet and plainly constituted the matters of description entering into the purchase and sale of the oil in question. The oil should be ordered from the Beaumont district. The evidence is undisputed and unquestioned that the oil came from the Beaumont district, and further that oil of the same grade had been sold to the government for dipping cattle. As to quality, the government recommended oil of a specific gravity of from 22-1° to 24¿° Baume, containing 1-j to 14 per cent, of sulphur, and 40 per cent, of the oil should distil over Avhen heated to a temperature of 300° Centigrade. Plaintiffs caused samples of oil from their dipping tank to be analyzed by Messrs. SeAvell and Crowley, and specimens taken from defendants’ oil tank to be analyzed by Mr. Emery, all expert chemists. Mr. SeAvell testifies that the specific gravity of the oil analyzed by him was 20.8° Baume, 40 per cent, of the oil distilled over at a temperature of 300° Centigrade, and it contained but .56 per cent, of sulphur. Mr. Crowley testifies that the specific gravity of the oil analyzed by him was 21° Baume, 37 per cent, of the oil distilled over at a temperature of 300° Centigrade, and it contained only .25 per cent, of sulphur. Mr. Emery testifies that one sample of the oil analyzed — 547 — by him had a specific gravity of 21.5° and the other 23° Baume; 40.6 per cent, of one sample and 40.5 per cent, of the other distilled over at a temperature of 300° Centigrade; one sample contained .58 per cent, and-the other .89 per cent, of sulphur. Mr. Sewell testifies that crude petroleum, if exposed to the air, will evaporate; that thereby volatile elements escape, carrying with them sulphur contained in the oil, and that partial evaporation will increase the specific gravity of the remaining oil. It will be noticed that the oil taken from defendants’ tank conformed in density to the government recommendations, whereas that procured from plaintiffs’ open dipping tank was slightly heavier than 22-]° Baume. Three out of four samples answered to the distillation test, and in but one particular did the oil fail to answer the specifications, a lack of less than 1 per cent, of sulphur. There is not a scintilla of evidence in the record to show that an addition of 1 per cent, or any other (quantity of sulphur to the oil would have prevented injury to plaintiffs’ live stock. In fact counsel for plaintiffs state in their brief: “It was not because the oil was heavier and contained less sulphur that rendered it harmful to plaintiffs’ cattle, but was probably due to the presence of excessive quantities of certain caustics therein, such as carbolic acid, which probably could not exist or is never found in oil of the description contained in the order which produced the injury.” The difficulty is, there is nothing in the record to support the argument. The analyses merely indicate that the oil contains sulphur. The other ingredients are not shown. Defendants did not undertake to furnish oil free from such caustics as may be found in crude petroleum. Under the circumstances of this case, when defendants delivered oil answering the description found in the government pamphlet, they had performed their undertaking, and, if the liquid did not come up to the specifications, it was incumbent on plaintiffs to prove that the imperfection was the proximate cause of the injury to their cattle. This they have not done, nor do — 548 — we believe it possible for them to do so. Yerdicts and findings of fact must rest upon evidence, and not mere conjecture. Neither a court nor a jury ought to accept an argument for a fact, or for an inference logically to be drawn from facts proved in the case. Leisenberg v. State, 60 Neb. 628; Babcock v. Fitchburg R. Co., 140 N. Y. 308. The case was exhaustively tried in the district court. Plaintiffs have little, if any, just cause for complaint if it is conceded that' upon any phase of the case they might recover, and, it appearing to us that upon no just application of the law to the facts can defendants be held liable, the judgment of the district court will be affirmed, without a discussion of the errors assigned. Affirmed.