State ex rel. Hartigan v. Sperry & Hutchinson Co.

Fawcett, J. The relator, the county attorney for Adams county, instituted proceedings in quo warranto in the district court for .that county, to oust the respondent from the state of Nebraska, and from a judgment of ouster the respondent appeals. The pleadings, consisting of the amended information, the answer and reply, are voluminous a.nd will not be set out. A reference to the real points in issue will be sufficient. The judgment of ouster was based solely on the fol-' lowing findings: “The court further finds that on August 25, 1911, after — 787 — the respondent had been doing business in the state of Nebraska for three or more years without having paid an occupation tax, it appeared before the secretary of the state and filed with him a statement that it was delinquent under the law and that it wished to be reinstated. The court further finds that at the time it complied with the law on this subject in all respects, except that it failed to pay a sufficient ■ amount as an occupation tax, as will be hereinafter more specifically set forth; that it paid $10 for occupation tax, together with $10 penalty, for the year ending June 30, 1910, and was thereupon reinstated; that on the same day the respondent paid to the secretary of state a $10 occupation fee and $10 penalty for reinstatement to cover the year ending June 30, 1911; that on the same day respondent paid to the secretary of state $10 to cover the occupation permit for the year ending June 30, 1912, and that subsequently the respondent paid to the secretary of state $100, being the occupation tax for the year ending June 30, 1913. The court further finds that said respondent at the time of its application for reinstatement and upon the payment of the sums heretofore set forth was thereupon duly reinstated by the secretary of state. The court further finds that under the law the respondent should have paid $100 for each of the years for which it paid only $10, and that the respondent, therefore, in this respect failed to comply with section 4260, Cobbey’s Statutes of 1911. The court further finds that at the time of reinstatement of the respondent by the secretary of state such corporation was in default under section 12031, Cobbey’s Statutes of 1911, providing for the filing of a report with the attorney general of the state of Nebraska. The court, therefore, finds that the respondent, by reason of having neglected to comply with the requirements of the statute relative to foreign corporations as above set forth, has forfeited its rights to do business in the state of Nebraska, and is noyv wrongfully doing business in this state, and that it should be ousted therefrom.” In deciding the case upon these findings, the court ig — 788 — nored the main ground upon which relator seeks to oust the respondent, viz., that the business in which respondent is engaged is prohibited by chapter 179, laws 1911. That relator' considers this the main ground, and the only one which would permanently give the full relief he seeks, is shoAvn by the fact that his counsel, in his brief, by not discussing, practically abandons all of the other grounds of complaint set out in his amended information, and directs his argument wholly to the constitutionality of this act. The record shows that at the time respondent was reinstated it paid to the secretary of state the full amount of occupation tax and penalty demanded by the secretary for each of the years named, and by its answer it alleges that it “is Aviliing and desirous and stands ready to comply Avitli all and every laAvful provision of the statutes of said state.” The fact, if it be a fact, that the secretary of state may have erred as to the amount required to entitle respondent to reinstatement is not sufficient to sustain a judgment of ouster, and especially so when respondent was before the court offering to fully comply with every statutory requirement. The record also shows the filing by respondent of its reports with the attorney general. The court, therefore, erred in its findings upon which it based its judgment. We might rest here, and remand the case, for further proceedings, but, as such a course would not end the litigation, we have concluded to consider the main question, which has been so ably argued by counsel on both sides in their briefs and at the bar. Chapter 179, supra, is as follows: “An act to prohibit gift enterprises and to provide punishment for a violation of the same. “Section 1. (Gift Enterprise.) It shall be unlaAvful for any person or persons to engage in any gift enterprise in this state. Every person who shall sell or offer for sale any real estate or article of merchandise of any description whatever, or any ticket of admission to any exhibition — 789 — or performance, or other place of amusement, with a promise, expressed or implied, to give or bestow, or in any manner hold out the promise of gift or bestowal of, any article or thing, for and in consideration of the purchase by any person of any other article or thing, whether the object shall be for individual gain or for the benefit of any institution of whatever character, or for any purpose whatever, shall be held to be engaged in a gift enterprise within the provisions of this act. “Section 2. (Same — Penalty.) Any person or persons who shall engage in any gift enterprise in this state shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and, upon conviction thereof, shall be fined in any sum not exceeding five hundred dollars, or imprisoned in the county jail not exceeding six months, or both, at the discretion of the court.” The amended information alleges substantially that in-violation of this act respondent is conducting a gift enterprise at Hastings, Nebraska; that the method of conducting its business is to hold out the promise of a gift or bestowal of certain trading stamps to any person who may purchase goods, and tlieir redemption at its place of business, for the benefit of a certain institution, to wit, Stein Brothers, with the intent of building up and maintaining a monopoly and obstructing open competition; that Stein Brothers conduct clothing, grocery, millinery and furniture departments; that respondent and Stein Brothers have been and are now engaged in the violation of this act. The method of issuing trading stamps by merchants to their customers and of their redemption by the trading stamp company is a matter of common knowledge and need not be detailed here. The business has grown to enormous proportions and is now being carried on in practically every state in the Union. As a result of present-day agitation along the line of what some of the courts have characterized as governmental paternalism, the legislatures of many states have been induced to pass laws substantially similar to the one under consideration here. While they differ somewhat in phraseology, they are, as — 790 — we have said, substantially the same. A reading of them will show that, while their real purpose is attempted to be concealed in the language used, it is apparent that such real purpose is to abolish the trading stamp system as a method of advertising by retail merchants. The question is: Is it within the power of the legislature to do so? The police power of the state has in recent years, at the demand of a persistent and in many cases an aggrieved public, been greatly extended by judicial construction; but the courts have not yet, except in very few instances, gone so far as to hold that under this power a legislature may forbid contracts Avhich have always been held to be within the constitutional right of persons in every state to- possess and acquire property, to transact legitimate business, and to fully enjoy freedom of contract in relation thereto. In considering a similar statute, in Young v. Commonwealth, 101 Va. 853, 867, a case in which the business of the respondent here was being considered, it is said: “ ‘The act, as we construe it, prohibits a person from selling a given article, and at the same time, and as á part of the transaction, giving to the purchaser a stamp, coupon, or other deAdce which Avill entitle him to receiAre from some third person some other well-defined article in addition to the one sold. This is equivalent to declaring that it is illegal for a man to give away one. article as a premium to the buyer for having purchased another; for, as already intimated, it can make no possible difference that the article gWen aAvay with the sale is delivered to the purchaser by a third person instead of the seller himself. We think it is clear that such a prohibition is an unwarranted interference Avith the individual liberty which is guaranteed to every citizen, both by our .state constitution and also by the fourteenth amendment to the constitution of the United States. * * * This inalienable right is trenched upon and impaired Avhenever the legislature prohibits a man from carrying on his business in his OAvn Avay, provided always, of course, that the business and the mode of carrying it on are not injurious to the public, and — 791 — provided also that it is not a business which is affected with the public use or interest.’ * * * In the case at bar the element of chance or lottery is entirely wanting. There is no uncertainty or indefiniteness about the premiums. The articles are certain and fixed. They are kept constantly on exhibition, so that the person about to collect a book of 990 stamps has full opportunity to make up his mind what article he will select from the store of the trading stamp company when he is ready to have his book of stamps redeemed. From the facts certified it appears that the articles for the redemption of stamps are on exhibition at the store of the company, that the customer who bought the tomatoes and received the stamps knew through the advertisements of the company that the defendant gave the stamps with all cash sales, and for that reason purchased from the defendant in preference to some merchant who did not give the stamps; and that said customer knew the general value and character of the articles from which he would be entitled to have his selection in redemption of stamps collected by him. We can find nothing in the contract between the Sperry & Hutchinson Company and the defendant, nor the transactions with customers in pursuance of such contract, that is not a legitimate exercise of one’s right to-prosecute his business in his own way. As already said, fit appears to be simply one of the many devices fallen upon in these days of sharp competition between trades people’ to attract customers, or to induce those Avho have bought once to buy again, and in this respect is as innocent as any other of the many forms of advertising. * * * Indulging every possible presumption in favor of the validity of the statute now under consideration, we are constrained to the conclusion, upon reason and authority, that it is not a valid exercise of legislative power. It attempts to prohibit and restrain the defendant in the lawful prosecution of a lawful business.” In April, 1911, the legislature of the state of Massachusetts, under a practice prevailing in that state, submitted to the supreme court a bill prohibiting gift enterprises, — 792 — with this interrogatory: “Would the provisions of the bill now pending in the general court, which prohibits gift enterprises, being House Bill No. 1097, a copy of which is transmitted herewith, be constitutional if enacted?” To this the chief justice and the six associate justices of that court, in Opinion of the Justices, 208 Mass. 607, gave the following answer: “We, the justices of the supreme judicial court, having considered the question upon which our opinion is required under the order of April 4, 1911, a copy of which is hereto annexed, are constrained to answer it in the negative. The principles applicable to statutes of this kind were considered and discussed in Commonwealth v. Emerson, 165 Mass. 146, Commonwealth v. Sisson, 178 Mass. 578, and O’Keeffe, v. Somerville, 190 Mass. 110. In the last of these cases a statute was held unconstitutional in part upon grounds which are equally applicable to the house bill referred to in the order, and which require us to hold that the provisions of this bill are unconstitutional. “The bill is drawn in broad terms, and it purports to forbid transactions that are not different in principle from contracts of sale which always have been held to be within the constitutional right of persons in every state to possess and acquire property, to transact legitimate business, and to buy and sell and get gain. * * * There is nothing in the conduct proposed to be prohibited that necessarily appeals to the gambling instinct or involves any element of chance. Such statutes and ordinances have been held unconstitutional by the highest courts in a large number of states. (Citing an unusually large number of cases from many states.) “The court of appeals of the District of Columbia, in its decisions in Lansburgh v. District of Columbia, 11 App. Cas. D. C. 512, and in District of Columbia v. Gregory, 35 App. Cas. D. C. 271, stands almost alone, although it has been followed by one or two federal judges, in reaching an opposite conclusion.” To that opinion the court attached the following syllabus: “A statute making it a — 793 — criminal offense to engage in any gift enterprise, and providing that a person who in any manner holds ont a promise of gift or bestowal of any article or thing for and in consideration of the purchase by any person of any article or thing shall be deemed to be engaging in a gift enterprise within the meaning of the statute, would be unconstitutional.” In addition to the many cases there cited, holding in harmony therewith, we add Leonard v. Bassindale, 46 Wash. 301; Territory of Hawaii v. Gunst & Co., 18 Hawaii, 196. As opposed to this formidable array of authorities, relator is compelled to rely upon Lansburgh v. District of Columbia, supra, State v. Hawkins, 95 Md. 133, and Humes v. City of Ft. Smith, 93 Fed. 857, the last being an opinion by a district judge. As against the last case respondent cites Humes v. City of Little Rock, 138 Fed. 929, the opinion being by another district judge in the same state. State v. Hawkins, supra, is completely destroyed as an authority in this case by State v. Caspare, 115 Md. 7, 80 Atl. 606, in which case the Maryland court gets squarely in line with the many other states cited and followed by the supreme court of Massachusetts. We deem it unnecessary to prolong this opinion,- as the reasoning in support of our conclusion exhaustively appears in many of the cases cited by the Massachusetts court. The reasoning of those cases compels our concurrence. We therefore hold that chapter 179, supra, in so far as it might be construed to prohibit the business in which the respondent is engaged, is in conflict with article I of the Bill of Rights, and the fourteenth amendment to the Federal Constitution. The judgment of the district court is reversed and the action dismissed. Reversed and dismissed. Rose, J., dissents.