Marshall v. Bush

Letton, J. Four errors are assigned: (1) That the evidence does not sustain the order of the commission as to inadequacy of service; (2) that the trains required cause an unreasonable burden to be placed upon the interstate business of defendant; (3) that the receipts from the operation of the trains would be so light compared with the expense of operation as to be confiscatory; (4) that the order is unreasonable, denies the equal protection of the law to the railroad company, and deprives it of its property without due process of law. By the decisions of the United States supreme court in the cases of Chesapeake & O. R. Co. v. Public Service Commission, 242 U. S. 603. Wisconsin, M. & P. R. Co. v. Jacobson, 179 U. S. 287, Atlantic C. L. R. Co. v. North Carolina Corporation Commission, 206 U. S. 1, and Missouri P. R. Co. v. State of Kansas, 216 U. S. 262, the following principles seem to be definitely established: By the acceptance of a charter which confers upon it the power of eminent domain and other valuable privileges a railroad company assumes certain duties. It must exercise the functions for which it was organized and in consideration of which the privileges were conferred. Under the statute of 1866 in force until 1913, railroad corporations were required to “furnish sufficient accommodations for the transportation of passengers and freight,” and it was required also that every such corporation “shall take, transport, and discharge all passengers to and from such stations as the trains stop at, from or to all places [283] and stations upon their said road, on the dne payment of fare or freight hill.” Rev. St. 1866, ch. 25, sec. 121 (Ann. St. 1911, sec. 10596). They were also ;pade liable in damages for refusal to transport any property or .passenger. Rev. St. 1866, eh. 25, sec. 122 (Rev. St. 1913, sec. 6059). Long before the defendant railroad company entered the state, these provisions, which really are merely declaratory of the common law, imposed fixed duties upon every railroad corporation séeking to do business in the state, and defendant by ac'eepting the benefits of the statute assumed the burdens imposed thereby. Railroads are public highways, and the right and duty of the government to regulate the conduct and business of railroad corporations have been founded on that fact. In relation to all highways the duty of regulation is governmental in its nature. It is because they are exercising a governmental function that the power of eminent domain is given to them.. But the government cannot require a railroad corporation to carry on the duties imposed by its acceptance of its charter and at the same time by the imposition of unreasonable and confiscatory rates deprive it of its property without due process of law. There is a distinction, however, between imposing the duty of service and the regulation of rates. It may become necessary, in order to furnish proper service as required under the charter, that a railroad company be required to operate a branch line at a loss, or to furnish certain other service for less than actual cost. It is also true that the nature and extent of the existing facilities furnished by a railroad company must be considered in determining whether a requirement that such facilities be increased is just and reasonable. If it were shown that the enforcement of the order would so affect the general scheme of the operation of the entire system that it would inevitably require its operation at a loss, then the order might be considered so unreasonable as to violate the Fourteenth Amendment, [284] U. S. Const. Chesapeake & O. R. Co. v. Public Service Commission, 242 U. S. 603: Ordinarily the known discomforts, disadvantages, dangers and annoyances connected with the transportation of passengers upon, freight trains require separate trains for the carriage of freight and live stock and for the carriage of passengers. A full discussion of this point may be found in People v. St. Louis, A. & T. H. R. Co., 176 Ill. 512, 35 L. R. A. 656, and in Missouri P. R. Co. v. State of Kansas, 216 U. S. 262. We agree with the doctrine of these' cases. The legislature of Nebraska has evidently taken the same view, as it has provided in the act.specifying the necessary equipment to- -be placed upon gasoline motor cars or gasoline trains (Laws 1909, ch. 97) that the state railway commission shall have the power to release any ' railway company from such requirement “on new roads where steam passenger trains have not been regularly run, until such time as the business will warrant better service, also on parts of roads where at least one steam passenger train has run, which makes regular stops at least six days in the week; provided, mixed freight and passenger trains shall not be considered passenger trains.” Rev. St. 1913, sec. 5986. Prima facie, therefore, an order requiring proper facilities to be furnished passengers is reasonable. It is shown that the expense of operating this train -will amount to more than $22,000 a year. It is very doubtful whether the operation of a passenger train will pay expenses for many years, unless defendant is allowed to increase its rates. It is clear it will not be presently remunerative. The more fact that the rendition of a certain class of service by a railroad company may be unremunerative is not sufficient to relieve it from the duty of furnishing the same. Cram v. Chicago, B. & Q. R. Co. 84 Neb. 607; Davison v. Chicago & N. W. R. Co., 100 Neb. 462. As pointed out in Atlantic C. I. R. Co. v. North Carolina Corporation Commission, 206 U. [285] S. 1, and in Missouri P. R. Co. v. State of Kansas, 216 U. S. 262, there is a distinction between requiring service to he performed upon a portion of a railroad system at a loss and the fixing of a schedule of rates for transportation so unreasonably low as to require the whole system to be operated at confiscatory rates. In the one case the loss incidental to the operation of a portion of the system in the prescribed manner may be met by a readjustment of train service or other economies on other parts of the system, whereas inadequate rates applying to the whole system must inevitably • result in a form of confiscation forbidden by the Constitution of the United States. Smyth v. Ames, 169 U. S. 466, 526; Chesapeake & O. R. Co. v. Public Service Commission, 242 U. S. 603. It is undisputed that the returns from the operation of defendant’s lines in Nebraska are not compensatory; it seems to be conceded that, being unable to pay the interest, on its bonded debt and other charges, the corporation is in the hands of a receiver, and that the whole system is unremunerative. These conditions defendant insists bring the case within the principles of Smyth v. Ames, supra. If the defendant were at liberty to raise its rates to cover the increased cost of operation, this argument would have no force; but it has been decided that, the legislature .having fixed the rates, the state railway commission is without power to alter them. State v. Clarke, 98 Neb. 566. It would be a violation of the statute if the defendant did so. Since the rendition of the order complained of, a condition has arisen of which the court is justified in taking .judicial notice. The country is now in a state of war, and the government of the United States has assumed control over the operation of the railroads. There is a deficiency in motive power and of cars, and a shortage of men. To take the necessary engines and rolling stock to operate this train may decrease to that extent the facilities of defendant for the patriotic duty [286] which is. imposed -upon it of doing everything possible to meet the demands'in the transportation field imposed by the new conditions. Without deciding that the order was unreasonable when made — though inclined to so hold — we are reluctant to sustain it. under these circumstances. We have concluded that the order should remain in abeyance until an opportunity is given to the railway commission to consider how far the order may impinge upon the powers given by congress to the director general of railways over the operation of the railroads during the war, and whether under the present conditions the order should not be vacated. The order is set aside and the matter remanded to the state railway commission for further hearing and consideration. Order vacated. Sedgwick, J., not sitting.