Humphrey v. Planters' Fertilizer & Chemical Co.

ESTOPINAL, J. Plaintiff sued to recover -the sum. of eight hundred and ten dollars ($810) from defendants, in solido, averring that they confederated and combined to contrive and commit the torts and damage complained of, by permitting and directing a large number of laborers to invade and trespass on plaintiff’s land, and there to cause suen nuisance as to render impossible the harvesting of a certain crop of okra: and also, that the defendants, pursuant to the contract between .ihcm for the injury of the plaintiff, are jointly responsive for the injury and partial destruction of a certain “line fence,” through which cattle were enabled to enter upon the lands of plaintiff and destroying certain growing crops OÜ vegetables. The Fertilizer Company interposed certain exceptions, which were overruled and thereupon answering, pleaded the general issue and especially denied any conspiracy with the N. P. Pratt Laboratory to damage plaintiff’s property, denied liability, and alleges contributory negligence. — 132 — The N. P. Pratt Laboratory also tenders the general issue, denies especially the charge of conspiracy with the Planters’ Fertilizer and Chemical Company, and denies having had anything to do with the building of a spur track, the construction of which, in close proximity to the line fence, is alleged by plaintur to have been one of the acts which contributed to the injury to* said fence. Pretermitting any discussion of exceptions interposed by the Fertilizer Company, overruled by the Lower Court and mention of which we have designedly avoid xi, we take up the mer'ts of the case. The judgment of the- lower Court is in favor of plaintiff and against the N. P. Pratt Laboratory Company, but the demand against the Fertilizer and Chemical Company is rejected. Our examination of the record satisfies us of the correctness of the judgment below insofar as che Planters’ Fertili/.er and Chemical Company is concerned. The liability of this defendant, if any, could have arisen only Pirough its active participation in the work of construction, which it is averred, was both the direct and indirect cause of the alleged damage to plaintiff. The Planters’ Fertilizer and Chemical Company shows that it owned a tract of land comprising about 11 acres at Shrewsbury, in the Parish of Jefferson, and, contemplating the erection of a manufacturing plant on said tract, it contracted with a certain person for the construction of a railroad grade; that thereafter it contracted with another (the I. C. R. R. Co.), for the laying of the rails on the said grade, and lastly, it contracted with the N. P. Pratt Laboratory for the erection of a sulphuric acid and acid phosphate plant. Thejproof is that the Planters’ Chemical Company exercised no control over any of the contractors in the performance of the work, and had no power to exercise any control over them in the execution of the contract. The record shows that the Planters ’ Fertilizer and Chemical Company had no right to exercise any control or direction of any kind over the men in the employ of the contractors. The only circumstance by which it is intended to show direct participation by the Fertilizer plant, is the employment by it of a small gang of men to unload a carload of material for tlm factory some time in February, 1905, and tbe employment of — 133 — :a few carpenters during December, 1904. There is no proof '.that these employees of the Fertilizer Company trespassed on or were in any way responsible for any damage which plaintiff .may have suffered. Plaintiff’s petition recites and the record shows that the damage complained of was started during the month of August, 1904, and the devastation of the crop, by men and cattle, was •completed by December, 1904. Therefore, the trespass and damage cannot be charged to the Planters’ Company, who kept a few men at work for a short time on its property during .December, 1904, and' again during February, 1905. Summarizing the case so far as it affects the Planters’ vCompanv, we find that all of the work on the property of .said Company was performed by independent contractors Avho exercised exclusive control over tlieir laborers and paid them; that '.this defendant, proprietor of the ground, had no supervision of the work in which said contractors were employed, and we .find no canse to fix liability for the damage claimed upon said proprietor. One cannot be charged with fault for an act beyond bis control. Riley vs. S. S. Company, 29 A. 791; Davey vs. Levy & Son, 39 A. 551; Gallinger vs. Southwestern Exposition Association, 28 A. 943. N ow, proceeding to consider the facts upon which judgment .for plaintiff was based by the Court agua, we find them to be substantially as follows: By a convention or contract signed on the 17th day of August, 1904, the N. P. Pratt Laboratory Company, agreed to erect for the Planters’ Company, on a vacant lot, to be supplied •by the Planters’ Company, at or in close proximity to New Orleans, La., a complete molern sulphuric acid and fertilizer plant. The lot or tract of land upon which the factory was built is located in the Parish of Jefferson, and is bounded on one side (below), by the Hyman Estate, of which the plaintiff was the lessee. His complaint “that the workmen in the employ of the defendant (Pratt’s Laboratory), were guilty of committing intolerable, filthy and abominable nuisance on his land to the extent of infecting and destroying tbe entire crop of okra for the last year of 1904,” is borne out by the testimony. The testimony, however, further shows that though the plaintiff knew all along that his okra patch was being converte.l into a “country water closet,” by the workmen in the employ — 134 — of the defendant, he made no complaint about it until November 8th, 1904, at which time Mr. Mithoff', one of the heirs of this' estate, an.l one of the counsel for plaintiff in this case, complained to the engineer in charge of the construction of the' factory (Mr. Ford), who immediately put a stop to the further-trespassing by the laborers under him.. It will be noted that the nuisance complained of began, as petition recites, “in the month of August, 1904, and continued and spread over the remaining days of said month, being a continuing tort.” Not a word of complaint was made by plaintiff during all the time intervening between tbe 15th of August, and the 8th of November. In our view of the law and jurisprudence, his silence is-fatal to his right to recover. It was clearly his duty to take-some stops to minimize the damage, or at least put'the defendant in fault, as it were, by warning it not to further allow its employees to trespass on his place. But if these acts of laborers, were not a case in which the party being injured must take-steps to minimize the damage which he may suffer, we are-firmly of the opinion that the defendant is not liable for the acts of its employees, because these acts were committed out- . side of the scope of their employment. The attempt to show that the defendant had not made sufficient provision for its employees by building privies, was not successful. It is shown tha-t these privies were built, and further, the tract of land on which the factory was built consisted of eleven acres, of land, on which the building covered occupied only three leaving nine acres of land which tbe defendants’ employees were at liberty to use in answering the calls of nature. That they choose to go over into the neighbor’s field is a matter for which the employer, who is not shown to have ordered or directed them to do so, cannot be held responsible. We cannot help again to say, that it would have been the-easiest thing in the world for plaintiff to have put a stop' to the-trespass. The remedy was simple: A complaint at the very beginning to the nearest Justice of the Peace, an arrest, and all the trouble, nuisance and damage, averted. In McDermott vs. Brewing Co., 105 La. 124, the Supreme Court after reviewing the jurisprudence and examining the commentators on that subject, decided that “corporations are — 135 — liable for the forts of 'these servants to 'the same extent as private Individuals, but no further. If a servant goes outside of his employment without regard to his service, acting with malice, and wantonly causes damages to another, the master is not .liable.” The act of these laborers in trespassing upon plaintiff’s! .property was not in the furtherances of the defendant’s work, nor in the protection of its interest. LeBretonne vs. Kennedy, 27 A. 432, is a case very much in .point. A laborer, while plowing, threw a lighted match into the dry hay, and the fire was communicated over into the neighbor’s .property, and some buildings belonging to him were destroyed. 'The Court held this to be an act not within the scope of the) laborers’ employment, and held the employer free of liability. Ware vs. Barataria, 15 La. 169. We have read with care the testimony bearing on the condition of the line fence between the property of the Planters’ Fertilizer and Chemical Company, and the Hyman Estate (of which plaintiff was the lessee), and find, possibly by reason of the ignorance of most of the witnesses, that it is difficult to arrive at a certain, positive conclusion as to who was responsible .for the breaking down of the fence. We are satisfied of owe fact, and that is that the fence was an old rickety affair, built} many years ago, and that if it stood at all and offered protection from cattle,- it was because it was held in position by a rank growth of vines and weeds. The posts were rotten, and it is testified by some witnesses that -the fence was rotten and down in vlaces. From our appreciation of the testimony, we do not think the evidence shows the defendant responsible for the injury to the fence, but be that as it may, we are of the opinion that plaintiff’s utter disregard of his plain duty to repair the fence at the earliest possible moment, and thereby minimize the damage, deprives him of the right to recover any damage at all. Though there is no proof that the cattle which went over into plaintiff’s field, came on from the Planter’s Company property, and entered plaintiff’s field through the openings -in the fence opposite the fertilizer plant, we will admit, argu-endo, that such was the case — plaintiff says that the cattle came into his vegetable patch every day, and that he saw when they were driven .out, and that they began to come into his placía — 136 — in October, and continued so to do for two months, and that: in that time entirely destroyed his crop. .During all this time: plaintiff made no complaint, made no effort to repair the break in the fence, but simply sat down and waited. He spoke ta Mr. Mithoff on election day, he says, and the latter notified the defendant, who at once repaired the fence at the trifling-cost of fifteen dollars ($15.C0), or twenty dollars ($20.00). Plaintiff under this record has certainly contributed to produce the conditions of which he complains, and in consequence cannot recover. In the case of Mailhot vs. Pugh, cited on defendant’s brier,, the Supreme Court said: “He who has, by his fault, contributed to that of another who has by his obstinacy or bad 'judgment, or indolence, himself been the author of his own misfortune, and has contributed to produce the condition of which he complains, cannot ^invoke in his behalf and for indemnification, an equitable principle which was intended to apply only for the benefit of those who are without fault in the particular matters that form the subject of complaint. ” “If it be true that there was mutual -negligence, the principle is, that when the negligence of each party was a proximate cause of the injury, no damage can be maintained. In such cases, there cannot be usually an apportionment of damages.” Levy vs. Carondelet Canal vs. Navigation Company, 34 A. 180. In Insurance Company et al. vs. Werlein, this question is exhaustively treated, the Court holding that: “In ease of mutual negligence, t-hejrue principle is that no action for damage-can be maintained if the negligence of each party was the proximate cause of the injury sustained.” Mr. Hale says: “The injured party’s own negligence or wilful fault in failing to take reasonable precaution to reduce, the damage after notice of defendant’s wrong, is proximate cause of such injuries.” In an action for an injury occasioned by the negligence of another, it is a good defense to show that the injury so far arose from the negligence of the plaintiff himself, that he might, by ordinary care and caution have avoided the injury.” 1 Sedg137 wick on the Measure of Damages, 164, 165; Starkie on Evidence, 741. January 25, 1909. Mr. Sutherland says: “The principle that the injured party must reasonably exert himself to prevent damages, applies alike to cases of contract and tort'.” 1 Sutherland 152. ‘ ‘ In case of wrongful injury to person or property, injured party is required to use reasonable exertion to lessen or moderate the resulting damage.” Ibid, 154. We think the record fully proves that Mumphrey did not employ any reasonable exertion to lessen or moderate the resulting damage; that he did not use due care in avoiding all consequential damage by taking the necessary steps to protect his own propertjr. Conceding that defendant, Pratt Laboratoiy, was negligent in the premises, it is manifest that Mumphrey was equally aware of the conditions of the fence and the danger which threatened him, and therefore, the fault of both is mutual, in which case no damages can be maintained. 34 A. 180. The judgment rendered against the N. P. Pratt Laboratory is error and must be reversed. It is therefore ordered, adjudged and decreed, that the judgment appealed from in favor of plaintiff, and against the N. P. Prass Laboratory, be, and it is hereby annulled, reversed and set aside, and it is now ordered, adjudged and decreed that there be judgment in favor of the N. P. Pratt Laboratory, dismissing plaintiff’s demand, and in all other respects the judgment is affirmed, plaintiff to pay all costs.