President of the Bank of the United States v. Merchants Bank of Baltimore

Martin, J., delivered the opinion of this court. In this case an attachment on warrant was issued out of Baltimore county court, at the instance of the appellee, against the appellants on the 11th of September 1841, to recover the sum of $151,342.72', alleged tobe due, upon an account stated, for money lent- and advanced, and for money had and received. The attachment was laid on certain real estate, in the city of Baltimore. And it appears from the record, that although the attachment was not dissolved by the execution of an approved bond, as required by- the provisions of the act of Assembly, of 1832, ch. 280, yet- the defendants, in pursuance of the privilege secured to them, by the- fifth section of that act, appeared to the capias on-the 26th of Jcinuaryl842, for the purpose of contesting the plaintiff’s-claim. On the 29th of April 1842, a declaration,, ira assumpsit, was filed by the plaintiff, to which, on the same- day, the defendants filed their plea of non-assumpsit. At the May term, leave was granted by the court to amend this plea, andón the 10th of June 1842, the defendants filed a special plea in bar, against the further maintenance of the action, in which they aver: “That the plaintiff ought not: to-maintain its action, inasmuch as the plaintiff, after the day of issuing forth the writ in this cause, that is to say, on the 31st day of March 1842, in a certain court of record, called the district court for the city and county of Philadelphia, in the State of Pennsylvania, impleaded the said defendants, in a plea of trespass on the case, for the not performing the same identical promises and undertakings, and each and every of them, in the declaration men — 427 — tioned. That afterwards, to wit, on the 23rd day of April, 1842, the plaintiff, by the consideration and judgment of the said court, recovered on the said plea, against the said defendants, $159,676.20, for its damages, which it had sustained on the occasion of the not performing the same identical promises and undertakings, in the declaration mentioned. And that the said judgment still remains in full force and effect, and not the least reversed, satisfied, or made void.” To this plea, a general demurrer was filed, on the 20th of June 1842. The demurrer was sustained by the county court, and the sole question presented for our consideration upon this appeal, is, that which relates to the validity of the plea, under the circumstances of the case, as exhibited by the record. In the case of Duffy and Mehaffy, vs. Lytle, 5 Watts, 120, an action was brought upon a bond, in the district court, of Lancaster county, in Pennsylvania. The defendant pleaded in bar, a former recovery for the same cause of action, obtained in a suit instituted subsequent to the action then in controversy. The plea was sustained, and we quote the opinion of the court, as containing a very full, clear, and correct exposition of the rule of pleading directly applicable to the question now under consideration. They say: “ The circumstance of this action, being brought upon the bond, previously to the one in which the judgment was entered, that has been pleaded in bar to the further maintenance in this, does not seem to furnish a sufficient reason, why the plea should not be held good: because, although the priority of an action may be a very good reason, why a judgment for the same cause shall not abate it, and why the first, when pleaded properly, should abate the second, as the plaintiff ought not to be permitted to vex and harass the defendant against his will, with two actions for the same cause; yet it is obvious that it is not the priority in the commencement of the one action, that renders the judgment obtained therein, a bar to the plaintiff’s obtaining a second judgment in the other; but because the first judgment, when given, whether it be in the action commenced first or last, extinguishes the original cause of action, and gives to the plaintiff, in lieu thereof, one of a higher order. Instead — 428 — then, of t;he,d.ebt, as was the case here, being founded upon a bond, it became immediately upon therendition of the judgment, though in thp last action commenced, a debt of record, that could no longer be controverted. And, hence, the defendant could not, therefore, be said, to stand indebted to the plaintiffs by a bond or speciality, but by a judgment that had become a matter of record,,whi.ch could not be questioned or denied.” The distinction between the plea of a pending suit, and the plea of a former recovery, was also considered in the case of Nicholl vs. Mason, 21 Wend., 341, by the Supreme Court of New York. The court said; ■ffThe pendency of another suit for the same cause of action, must pe pleaded in abatement of a suit subsequently commenced; but the converse of the proposition does not hold true. The original or first suit cannot be abated, by a plea that another action for the same cause was afterwards commenced. But this doctrine dqes not overturn the plea. The defendant does not set up matter in abatement, but in bar of the action. He does not plead the ppndency of another suit, but a judgment rendered. The plea does not go to the form of the remedy, but to the right of the plaintiff. It shows that the cause of action, which the plaintiff once had, is gone forever.” In the case of Le Bret vs. Papillon, 4 East, 502, it was Jaeid: “That when matter of defence has arisen after the compaencement of the action, it could not be pleaded in bar of the potion generally, but must, when it has arisen before plea or pontinuance, be pleaded as to the further maintenance of the spit; and when it has arisen after plea, and before replication, or after issue joined, then puis darrien continuance.” And in Semmes vs. Naylor, 12 Gill & Johns., 361, the Court of Appeals declared the rule to be: “That where the matter of defence has arisen after the commencement of a suit, it cannot be pleaded in bar of the action generally; it must, when it has arisen before plea or continuance, be pleaded as to the further maintenance of the suit, and when it has arisen after issue joined, puis darrien continuance.” — 429 — It is manifest, we think, on the principles enunciated in cases to which we have referred, that the several objections urged against the integrity of this plea; as that, it could not have been interposed, after the jurisdiction of the county court had attached by the issuing of the attachment; that the plea was in its nature, a dilatory plea, and should have been pleaded in abatement, puis darrien continuance, and verified by affidavit, or sustained by a production of the record, must all be overruled. The plea has all the elements .of a special plea in bar, and as its matter was not in esse, at the time the plea was interposed, and when there was filed to it a demurrer, and joinder in demurrer, it could not have beep pleaded, puis darrien continuance. It was properly pleaded .as a special plea in bar, against the further maintenance of the action. If the matter presented by the plea had been the pendency of a suit in another State, for the same cause of action, as in the Trenton Bank vs. Wallace, 4 Halstead, 82, it should have been pleaded in abatement, verified by the affidavit of the party, or supported by an exhibition of the record; and the proper place for such a plea, would have been in the Pennsylvania suit. But as we have already said, the plea before us is directed against the right to recover in the form of action adopted by the appellee, and has none of the characteristics, of a plea in abatement, And the defence relied upon by the appellant, was therefore properly introduced as a plea in bar, to the further maintenance of the action. In the argument of this cause the counsel for the appellee contended, that the plea was to be treated as imperfect, on the ground, that there was on its face no avermement, that the court pronouncing the judgment in question had jurisdiction of the cause, and of the parties. This objection cannot be sustained. It is certainly true, that unless the court rendering the judgment, had jurisdiction, both of the cause and of the parties, it would be treated as a nullity. It would be considered as merely void, and the party against whom it was used, could, by an appropriate plea, assail it, and put it aside, as utterly ineffectual and powerless. The right to attack a judgment, on the ground that the tribunal pronouncing it was not — 430 — invested with jurisdiction and authority; that it was inoperative and void, as being coram non judice, is undoubted, with respect, both to domestic and foreign judgments. But in this case, the plea avers, that a judgment in personam was rendered by a court of record, styled the district court for the city and county of Philadelphia, in the State of Pennsylvania, in a suit, instituted by the appellee against the appellants, for the identical causes of action forming the subject of the present suit, and that in the said cause, judgment was rendered in favor of the plaintiff, And we consider it as an acknowledged and fixed principle of universal obligation, resulting from the comity and respect which are due from one judicial tribunal to another, that a judgment emanating from a court thus constituted, is in itself prima facie evidence of jurisdiction; and that it is not necessary for the party introducing the judgment to set out affirmatively in his declaration or plea, the jurisdictional facts upon which the power and authority of the court pronouncing the judgment depend. In the case of Robertson vs. Struth, 5 Adol. and Ellis, N. S., 942, it was held, that in an action of debt, on a foreign judgment, it was not necessary to state in the declaration, that the court rendering the judgment had jurisdiction over the parties and the cause. Mr. Justice Patterson said; “We presume the judgment of a foreign court is correct; and that if there was any objection to the judgment it should be raised by plea.” In Bissel vs. Briggs, 9 Mass. 462, Chief Justice Parsons, when speaking of the effect of a judgment rendered in New Hampshire, said; “ That where the jurisdiction had attached, which, until disproved, was always to be presumed, the conclusion of the judgment was absolute for all purposes.” In the case of Williams vs. Preston, 3 J. J. Marshall, 603, an action of debt was brought on decree pronounced by a court in Virginia, against the defendant, in rem and in personam. On demurrer to the declaration it was objected, that it was not shown affirmatively, that the defendant was served with notice of the pendency of the suit against him in Virginia, or — 431 — that he appeared to it, or defended it; and that the decree was void, and could not be the foundation of a suit. The declaration was sustained. The court, said: “ That it was not necessary to aver in the declaration, that the Virginia court had such jurisdiction, as would authorize it to render any decree, other than one in rem. The comity and respect which are justly due from one State to another, would not allow the court to presume, that the tribunal which pronounced thedecreein that case transcended its jurisdiction.” In the cases of Wheeler vs. Raymond, 8 Cow., 311, and Scott vs. Coleman, 5 Little Rep., 351, the same proposition is recognized and maintained. The objections which we have thus far examined, are those which relate to the character and structure of the plea. The question which remains to be considered, is, whether the cause of action upon which this suit was instituted, is to be treated as extinguished by the Pennsylvania judgment, upon the true construction of the first section of the fourth article of the Constitution of the United States, and the act of Congress of the 26th of May 1T90. In the consideration of this question, it is to be assumed in the case before us, that this would have been the legal effect of the judgment in the courts of Pennsylvania. The cause of action here declared upon, would have been regarded as merged in the judgment, by the j udicial tribunals of that State. This is the rule of the common law,, and we are not informed by the record, that there has been in Pennsylvania any statutory modification of the principles of that law, with respect to the doctrine of merger. It is an acknowledged and familiar principle of the common law, that the original cause of action is considered as extinguished or merged by a judgment,, when the judgment is held to be not merely prima facie, but conclusive evidence of the indebtment between the parties, and final,, unless reversed, with respect to the subject matter adjudicated. And although there certainly has existed some diversity and fluctuation of judicial opinion, with respect to the true import of the clause in the Constitution, and the act of Congress, to which we have — 432 — referred, yet we think, that according to the interpretation which has been authoritatively placed upon them, by the Supreme Court, the judgment set forth in the plea, must be regarded as possessing the same operation and effect to which it would be entitledin the State of Pennsylvania. Thatis, that the judgment is to be here estimated in the scale of evidence,, as creating a debt of record, conclusive with reference to the subject matter involved in the controversy in which it was rendered; not liable to be controverted or impeached/ unless upon the grounds, that it was procured through the instrumentality of fraud, or that the court pronouncing it/ was not clothed with competent jurisdiction; and necessarily producing an extinguishment of the original demand, and disabling the plaintiff from instituting upon that claim, an action of indebitatus assumpsit. This question was considered, for the first time, by the Supreme Court, in the' Case of Mills vs. Duryee, decided at the February term, 1813, 7 Cran., 481. It was an action of debt in the circuit court for the District of Columbia, upon a judgment of the Supreme Court of New York, to which the defendant pleaded nil debet. The plea was adjudged bad. Mr. Justice Story, in delivering the opinion of the court, after quoting the clause of the Constitutionin question, and theactof Congress, of the26th ofMay 1790, said: “It is argued, that this act provides only for the admission of such records as evidence, but does not declare the effect of such evidence when admitted. Thisargument cannot be supported. The act declares that the record, duly authenticated, shall have such faith and credit as it has- in the State from whence it was taken. If, in such court, it has the faith and credit of evidence of the highest nature, viz., record evidence, it must have the same faith and credit in every other court. Congress have therefore declared the effect of the record, by declaring what faith and credit shall be given to it. It remains only then to .inquire in every case, what is the effect of the judgment in the State where it was rendered.” In the case of Hampton vs. McConnel, decided in 1818, 3 Wheat., 234, we have again the opinion of the Supreme Court, — 433 — delivered fey Mr. Chief Justice Marshall, in a case similar in its character, to Mills vs. Duryee. It was an action of debt on a judgment of the Supreme Court of Nao York, to which nil debet, was pleaded. The chief justice said; “The court cannot distinguish the two cases. The doctrine held in Mills vs. Duryee, was that the judgment of a State court, should have the same credit, validity and effect in every •other court in the United States, which it had in the place where it was pronounced, and whatever pleas would be good to a suit thereon in such State, and none other, could be pleaded in any court of the United States In the case of McElmoyle vs. Cohen, 13 Peters., 324, the Supreme Court upon examining tiie import of the Constitution, and the act of Congress to which we have referred, — Say: “Though a judgment obtained in a State court is not regarded in the courts of her sister States,- as a foreign judgment, or a merely prima facie evidence of a debt to sustain an action upon the judgment, it is lo be considered as distinguishable from a foreign judgment in this, that by the first section of the fourth article of the Constitution, and by the act of May 26th, 1790. the judgment is a record conclusive upon the merits, to which full faith and credit shall be given, when authenticated as the act of Congress has prescribed.” » » # # # “By the law of the 26th of May 1790, the judgment is made a debt of record, not examinable upon its merits; but it does not carry into another State, the efficacy of a judgment upon property or persons, to be enforced by execution.” Again, the court after quoting the act of Congress, ask what faith and credit is given in the States, to the judgment of their courts? “They are record evidence of a debt, or judgments of record, to be contested only in such way as judgments of record may be; and consequently are conclusive upon the defendant in every State, except for such causes as would be sufficient to set aside the judgment in the courts of the State in which it was rendered. In other words, if a judgment is conclusive in the — 434 — State where it is pronounced, it is equally conclusive every where in the States of the Union.” This point was directly decided by Mr. Justice Washington, a very eminent, constitutional jurist, in the United States circuit court, for the third circuit, in the case of Green vs. Sarmiento, 3 Wash., C. C. Rep., 17. The question arose on a plea of bankruptcy, to an action of debt on a judgment of the Mayor’s court of New York. The contract was made in the island of Madeira. The defendant was discharged by the bankrupt law of Teneriffe, in 1801. But in 1797, a judgment had been recovered in New York against the defendant, in an action of assumpsit upon this contract. The validity of the plea rested on the question, whether Teneriffe was to be considered as the place of the contract, notwithstanding the judgment; or, whether the contract, though made at Teneriffe, was not to be regarded by the court as merged by the judgment; and New York, the place of the judgment, to be treated as the place of the contract. The solution of this question depended on the true interpretation of the Constitution of the United States, and the act of Congress of the 26th of May 1790. The subject was examined with elaborate care, and great ability, by the judge who delivered the opinion. And the resolution of the court was, that the New York judgment was conclusive, and amounted to a complete extinguishment of the original contract, and that the certificate and discharge of the defendant at Teneriffe, afforded no bar to the plaintiff’s demand. In the case of Andrews vs. Montgomery, 19 Johns. Rep., 162, an action of assumpsit was brought upon a judgment recovered against the defendants, in the court of common pleas of the county of Essex, in the State of New York. The point in controversy was presented to the court upon a case stated. And it was ruled by Mr. Chief Justice Spencer, that the judgment was conclusive evidence of the debt claimed, and that an action of assumpsit could not be maintained upon it. — 435 — In delivering the opinion of the court, the chief justice, after animadverting upon the case of Hitchcock vs. Aicken, 1 Caine’s Rep., 461, and quoting, with approbation, the case of Mills vs. Duryee, said : “We are bound to consider the judgment set forth in the declaration, as a debt of record due from the defendants to the plaintiff.” ® ® “The plaintiff has counted upon the judgment in New York as a simple contract, and, accordingly, it. is set. forth as a promise to pay the amount adjudicated. Now it is well settled, that assumpsit cannot be supported where there has been an express contract, under seal or of record.” * ® * * “The judgment recovered, (19 John., 165,) in New Jersey, being admitted by the pleadings, and standing totally unimpeached, we are bound to consider it as fairly and justly obtained, and as establishing a debt of record against the defendant. It is not therefore merely prima facie evidence of a debt, like a foreign judgment, but absolute and decisive of a debt. Assumpsit then will not lie upon it.” We have quoted largely from the prominent cases bearing upon this point, because the proposition submitted for our consideration, involves a question purely of constitutional law, depending upon authority. And we understand the principles deducible from the authorities, are : 1. That if the judgment in controversy would be regarded by the courts of Pennsylvania as conclusive evidence of the existence of a debt due by the appellants to the appellee, it is so to be considered in the courts of this State. 2. The result of this doctrine necessarily is, that the original cause of action was extinguished by the judgment, rendered in the district court for the city and county of Philadelphia, in favor of the appellee against the appellants. 3. And as a corollary from these propositions, that an action of assumpsit could not be maintained upon the original demand. The case of Brengle vs. McClellan, 7 Gill & John., 434, is not to be considered as in conflict with this doctrine. It was there held by the Court of Appeals, that a judgment of the State of Pennsylvania, conclusive between the parties — 436 — in that State, and having priority over bonds, single bills, and simple contract debts in that State, as against the assets of the defendant in the hands of his executor, is considered only as a simple contract debt in the distribution of assets in this State, within the meaning of the act of Assembly of 1798, ch. 101, sub-ch. 8, sec. 17. A proposition similar in character, was established in McElmoyle vs. Cohen, 13 Pet., 330, and in Cameron vs. Wurtz, 4 McCord’s Rep., 278. The correctness of these adjudications cannot be questioned. But it is perfectly manifest from the course of argument pursued in these opinions, that the doctrine enunciated was placed upon the ground, that the act of Congress of 26th May 1790, was not to be construed as investing the judgments of the States of the Union, with a general extra-territorial operation. The opinion in the case of Brengle vs. McClellan, is long. And we can only, in illustration of the statement, that this was the controlling view in the judgment of the Court of Appeals, refer to their language, at page 440. They say : “The doctrine has never been carried further, than to give to the judgment of another State the same conclusive effect, and obligatory force, in every State in the Union, that it had in the State where it was rendered. To extend the principle further, and to give to it all the latitude contended for in this case, would give to the jurisdiction of our sister States, an extra-territorial operation, and' put it in their power to make laws for us, not only without our consent, but contrary to our interior policy, and municipal legislation.” This unquestionably is the correct interpretation of the act of Congress. Whether under the grant of power contained in the first section of the fourth article of the Constitution of the United States, the right resides in Congress to give to the judgments of the sister States, for all purposes, extra-territorial force, is not the question. This power has never been exerted by the national legislature. And it is now settled, to use the words of the Supreme Court, in McElmoyle vs. Cohen, 13 Pet., 325: — 437 — “That although by the act of Congress, the judgment is made a debt of record, not examinable upon its merits; it does not carry with it, into another State, the efficacy of a judgment upon property or persons, to be enforced by execution. To give it the force of a judgment in another State, it must be made a judgment there; and can only be executed in the latter, as its laws may permit.” And again, at page 326, where it said : “The judgment is put upon the footing of a domestic judgment; by which is meant, not having the operation and force of a domestic judgment, beyond the jurisdiction declaring it to be a judgment, but a domestic judgment as to the merits of the claim, or subject matter of the suit.” The doctrine of the case of Brengle vs. McClellan has not been controverted; but we do not understand it as impairing the position assumed by the counsel for the appellants, that the original cause of action is to be considered as extinguished by the judgment rendered in Pennsylvania. On the contrary, the principles announced by the court in that case fortify this position. It was there held, that if the judgment was conclusive, upon the merits, in the State where it was pronounced, it would be regarded as equally conclusive in the Maryland courts. And if it be true, that the judgment possessed in the State where it was rendered, the attribute of conclusiveness; that it had there the rank and dignity of a debt of record; that it was not re-examinable, and could not be controverted, with respect to the merits of the original demand; that the parties were precluded from goingbehind the judgment into an investigation of the original cause of action; and that, by the act of Congress of the 26th of May 1790, the same effect is to be attributed to the judgment, by the courts of Maryland, when it is introduced into the tribunals of that State as evidence, or relied upon in pleading, to which it would be entitled in the State where it was pronounced; and that it has all the operation and force in Maryland that could be claimed for it in Pennsylvania, as conclusive, in relation to the merits of the claim and the subject matter of the suit; it follows as an irresistible conclusion — 438 — upon the undoubted principles of the common law, that it must operate here as an extinguishment of the original demand. We think it therefore to be clear upon the true exposition of the first section of the fourth article of the Constitution of the United Slates, and the act of Congress passed in execution of the power granted by the Constitution, and the doctrine of extinguishment, as established by the common law, that the appellee could not have maintained an action of assumpsit, upon the cause of action exhibited in the record, if the judgment set forth in the plea had been obtained in Pennsylvania, prior to the commencement of the suit. And we have already said, when considering the question of pleading involved in this case, that although the judgment relied upon as extinguishing the original claim, was obtained after the institution of the suit, the defendants were authorized to plead it specially in bar against the further maintenance of the action. It has been stated, that the appellants appeared to this action, by virtue of the provisions of the fifth section of the act of Assembly of 1832, ch. 280. The language of the section, is: “ That when by virtue of this act, any attachment shall issue against the lands, &c., of any corporate body, the said corporate body may, in cases where a natural person, if defendant, might, by entering special bail to the action, dissolve such attachment, dissolve the same by entering into bond with security, for paying and satisfying the judgment that may be rendered against said corporate body in the said cause; and said corporate body may appear in the said case of attachment, and by pleading, and otherwise, contest the claim of the plaintiff, although no dissolution, as aforesaid, shall have taken place; the said attachment however, remaining and continuing in full force and effect, and upon the issues or pleading on the part of the corporate body, judgment on the cause of action may be recovered against the said corporate body, as well as judgment of condemnation .in the attachment.” And the counsel for the appellee have contended, that it was not the purpose and aim of the special privilege conferred by this statute, to let in a plea like that which has been pleaded by the appellants. — 439 — This position, we think, cannot be sustained. The corporation is authorized by the act to appear to the attachment, and contest the claim of the plaintiff, by pleading or otherwise. The appellants appeared in this suit, and contested the claim of their adversary by interposing a plea, which, as we have seen, is to be characterized as a plea in bar, directed to the foundation of the action; and it would be impossible to deny to the corporation the right of introducing a plea of this character, without interpolating into the statute new terms and provisions. Under the act of 1832, if a bond is not given- by the corporation, the attachment stands as a security for the debt, upon the contingency of the plaintiff obtaining against the defendant a judgment in personam. Barr vs. Perry, 3 Gill Rep., 313. After the appearance of the defendant, two suits are placed upon the docket ;, and the questions in-the action of assumpsit, are to be determined irrespective of the attachment. A plea which would be regarded as an answer to an action of assumpsit,- if unaccompanied by an attachment, must be treated as valid, notwithstanding the controversy originated in a proceeding of that kind. We think, therefore,- that the judgment of the county court must be reversed. judgment reversed, and procedendo awarded.