Mobley v. Cureton

The opinion of the Court was delivered by Wright, A. J. The Statute of Geo. II, (2 Statutes at Large, 571,) makes land liable to and chargeable with debts by simjde contract and specialty “in like manner as real estates are by the law of England liable to the satisfaction of debts due by bond or other specialty.” If the action on the bond here had been at law against the heir it would not have been barred, except from the presumption of payment arising from the lapse of twenty years, or a shorter period, with such circumstances as would contribute to strengthen it. To prevent circuity of action, and particularly where there may be several heirs, having estates of different value, all derived from the same source, Courts of Equity take jurisdiction by allowing the creditor to call on the heirs who had lands descended, so that the administrator who held assets sufficient for the payment of the debt might make satisfaction to the heir of the amount he may he found bound to pay. Personal assets being first liable for the debt of the ancestor, the heir may require a reimbursement from the fund primarily answerable. The Court of Equity, in the. administration of its exclusive jurisdiction, does not consider itself tied down by the strict rules which apply in a Court of common law in regard to the Statute of Limitations. It adopts them, however, where the principles on which they are founded satisfies it that they should be entertained, and they are then by analogy applied. When the demand, however, is purely a legal one, but so affected with equitable considerations that it is bound, according to its practice, to take cognizance of the whole case presented, it applies the statute “ in the same manner as a Court of law would apply it if the debt were sued in that tribunal.” — Cumming vs. Berry, 1 Rich. Eq., 121. The demand of the plaintiff is on a sealed note of the intestate, executed in February, 1854. The Circuit Judge, in his decree, held that, as against the heirs, the claim was only an indebitatus assumpsit, and, therefore, barred by the Statute of Limitations. The decisions cited by the counsel for the appellees, in the argument here, have relation to an entirely different class of cases. Where the creditor never had an immediate right of action against [146] the legatee or distributee, but, having ex hausted his remedy against the personal representative, is allowed to set up his equity agains t such legatee or distributee holding property to which, ex equo et bono, he is entitled. The case of Brewster & Dickson vs. Gillison, 10 Rich. Eq., 435, which is the last reported in our State on the subject, and which was among those so quoted, decides no more than that the right of the creditor to subject the property'in the hands of the legatee to the payment of his debt, is barred, if the legatee has had exclusive possession for four years. There never was a right of action at law against the legatee on the bond, but there is such right against the heir. The Chancellor delivering the judgment of the Court in the said case, says: “ Their liability is not by bond, and arises only from their possession of estate as volunteers, which, in the hand of their testator, was liable for the payment of his debts before his donation could take effect.” They were neither heirs or devisees. “ The demand of the creditor against the legatees is a mere personal demand for money, and the same provision will apply that would bar such a demand at law.” — Miller vs. Mitchell, Bail. Eq., 441. This Court does not concur with the judgment of the Circuit Judge, that the demand here against the heirs was only an indebi-tatus assumpsit, and that it was barred by the statute. It does not follow, from this reversal of the said judgment in regard to the application of the statute by the Circuit Judge, that the plaintiff is entitled to the relief which he asks. The primary fund for the payment of the debts of a deceased is the personal estate. That must first be pursued in the hands of the personal representative, until exhausted, or until it appears that, by proper diligence on the part of the creditor, it" cannot be made available for his demand. When, having no judgment against the heir, but holding one against the administrators, he asks the aid of equity to subject the lands held by the heirs to the payment of his said judgment, if it appears that his failure to make satisfaction of his debt has been the consequence of his own laches, without prejudice to his pursuitof the heirs as he may be advised on his sealed note in a Court of Law, the aid of the Court of Equity will not be • extended to him.. What are the facts here? The intestate died on July 8d, 1854, leaving a large real and personal property. The note of the testator, held by the plaintiff, was due the March before. Samuel B. Massey and James E. Cureton administered on the estate, for the parti [147] tion of which, in December, 1854, a writ was issued, the return to which was confirmed on June 26, 1855. The administrators were parties to the proceedings, and a large amount of property was, by the order of the Court, transferred to them for the payment of .the debts. Included in the assets, which went directly to the administrators for this purpose, were thirty-seven negroes, horses, mules and farming implements, and which (independent of the negroes, whose value was proved to be from $20,000 to $25,000,) sold for about $10,000. Besides the debts due the intestate, which went into their hands for collection, they received the proceeds of the cotton crop of 1854, which, with the portion of that of 1853 remaining, amounting in all to from 350 or 400 bales, if not more, 10,000 bushels of corn, worth $1 per bushel, pork, valued at $2,000, and grain and fodder, worth from $1,600 to $2,000. With the view apparently of providing full and adequate means for the payment of the debts, the Court, by an order in a bill, entitled “ J. E. Cureton and S. B. Massey, administrators, vs. Eliza B. Cure-ton, T. K. Cureton, et. al., bill for sale of real estate, and to pay debts,” made in June, 1859, directed the Commissioner to turn over to the said administrators certain bonds-taken on sale of real estate of the intestate made by the Commissioner,' aggregating, with interest to January 8, 1880, $13,635.08, on their executing bond, with sureties for the due application of said proceeds; all of which vras done. The impression derived from the bill is, that the plaintiff had knowledge of these facts. Shortly after the death of the intestate, he gave notice of his debt to the administrators, and received some small payment on account, but did not bring suit against them until March Term, 1860, and no appearance or plea being entered, lie obtained his judgment in October, 1860, and lodged his fi. fa. on the 16th of that month. Without proceeding under it to levy on any of the lands so allotted in severalty, (Murphy vs. Nelson, 1 Brev., 476 ; Martin vs. Latta, 4 McC., 128,) which, at least, would have been notice to the heirs that a-specialty debt of their intestate had not been paid by his administrators, and without any proceeding against the administrators, who had admitted sufficient assets by allowing the recovery of a judgment by default, to obtain a return of nulla bona, which would have been such evidence of a devastavit as would allow a resort to the administration bond, he remained inactive until, as. he alleges, he was prevented by the force of the supposed stay law [148] from taking any further action. There was no such impediment in his way certainly from October, 1860, to December, 1861. In May, 1866, the stay law, under which he seeks excuse for his delay, was declared unconstitutional, and, therefore, void, the two administrators being- both then alive. Up to Massey’s death, in November, 1866, no proceeding was taken against him, nor any against his survivor, Cureton, who did not depart this life until July, 1868. After his death, a return of nulla bona was had in November, 1868, and immediately thereupon this bill was filed. Both the administrators died insolvent. Chancellor Dunkin, in Godhue vs. Barnwell, Rice Eq., 239, says : “ In Vernon vs. Valk and Wife, 2 Hill Ch., 267, it was determined that a bond creditor might maintain his action in this Court against the heir-at-law. But the principle was distinctly recognized that, when the creditor comes into equity, it was requisite that the executor should be made a party.” Why? Because the personal estate-is the primary fund for the payment of the debts, and before the heir can be made to answer in this Court, he must have the opportunity afforded him to require an account from the administrator of that primary fund which is to respond to him in the event of his being required to pay the debt. Here, since the judgment, no proceeding was had against the administrators in their lifetime, and there was nothing to prevent a resort to the Court of Equity from the lodgment of the fi. fa. to their death. The plaintiffs can gain nothing from the fact that the administrators supposed themselves in advance for the estate, and, on 22d May, 1859, filed a bill against the lioirs and distributees for contribution and relief, in which, apart from an order for an account, which, it appears, never was completed, if ever taken, no action was had until June, 1868, after the death of Massey, when an order, on motion of the surviving administrator, was taken, referring all matters of litigation to the umpirage of G. W. Williams, Esq. This suit abated by the death of Cureton, in 1868, and was never revived. The very fact of the pendency of the said bill, and the knowledge it communicated, was calculated to excite prompt and quick action by the plaintiff against the administrators and their sureties after he had obtained his judgment. Not only had he a remedy through the administration bond, but also through that which was given to the Commissioner in Equity when the proceeds of the real estate sold was turned over to the administrators in aid of the payment of debts. [149] If either party is to suffer from the difficulty of ascertaining who were the sureties to the administration bond, why should the consequences of that want of information prejudice the heirs? They never stood in a position to claim its benefit when the means of such information were at hand ; while, on the.other side, the plaintiff, if he had not allowed his judgment to remain inactive, even while there was no stay law in the way, could have brought his action on the bond, suggesting a devastavit, and thus all the results of the destruction of the bond and of the books of the Ordinary’s office, in February, 1865, would have been avoided. There was still another remedy open to the plaintiff, certainly to December, 1861, and which was probably unaffected- by the stay law during the whole period of its supposed existence. What prevented the filing of a bill by the plaintiff, calling on the administrators to account, and making parties to it the sureties on the administration bond and the bond executed to tjie Commissioner on the receipt of the proceeds of the real estate sold by order of the Court, and turned over to the administrators, to be applied to the debts?— Gayden vs. Gayden, McM. Eq., 435 ; McBee vs. Crocker, Ibid, 485. At the death of the intestate, besides his wife, he left five children, one of which was then sixteen years of age, another eleven, and another five. From the order confirming the partition to the filing of the bill over thirteen years have elapsed, and looking tp the course of the plaintiff, marked, as it has been, with such laches, the aid sought from the Court of Equity cannot be accorded. It is ordered and adjudged that, without prejudice to the plaintiff in any remedy he may be advised to pursue in a Court of law, his bill, so far as it seeks here to make the heirs of the lato T. K. Cureton liable for his said debt, by reason of lands descended to them, be dismissed; each party to the cause paying Ms own costs as accrued up to .this date. That the bill be retained, so far as the plaintiff, or any other creditor now a party, or hereafter called in, may desire an account of the administration of the estate of the said T. K. Cureton, either from his immediate administrators, or the administrator de bonis non, with leave to move the Circuit Court for Lancaster County for the orders necessary therefor. Moses, C. J., concurred.