Dent v. Bryce

The opinion of the court was delivered by Simpson, C. J. These two cases were heard together on appeal, and as they involve' the same questions, but one opinion will be pronounced. — 8 — The questions involved, arise, upon exceptions to the rulings of the Circuit judge upon the testimony offered at the trial and upon the refusal of the Circuit judge to grant a new trial, the defendant being the appellant in both cases. The actions were brought to recover real property, the plaintiffs in both cases claiming title under a tax sale, to support which they introduced a patent executed by D. H. Chamberlain, then governor of the State,'conveying the land in dispute, and reciting that it had been sold to plaintiffs by Darling, the treasurer of Richland county, as forfeited land, on the 1st day of December, 1876. The patent recited the various acts under which the land had become forfeited. The plaintiffs, feeling it incumbent upon, them to make out a complete title, undertook to show that all the steps necessary to forfeit the land had been taken by the proper officers previous to the sale at which they purchased, and that the sale had been conducted according to law. To this end, their testimony was directed, among other points, to the following : First, that a proper levy of county taxes had been made and ordered by the county commissioners; second, that the school' commissioner had also levied a proper tax; third, that the county treasurer had conducted the sale under legal regulations from the comptroller-general; and fourth, that previous to the sale, executions had been issued to sell personalty, which had been returned unsatisfied. There were other.points, but they need not be considered. To prove the first point, a paper purporting to be a circular from E. M. Weston, chairman of the board of county commissioners of Richland county, directing the county auditor to levy a tax of four mills for county purposes, was offered. This paper was signed by E. M. Weston, as chairman of the board, and was without seal. To prove the second, a similar paper, purporting to come from the school commissioner, D. N. Simonds, was offered. To prove the third, a circular purporting to come from Thomas C. Dunn, comptroller-general was offered; and to prove the fourth, Mr. W. H. Gibbes, treasurer of Richland county at the time of the trial, was allowed to show from the books in his office that executions had been issued and returned unsatisfied. Mr. Gibbes introduced the execution boob. He testified that he — 9 — had made diligent search for the original executions, but could not find them, and he was satisfied, from the tax duplicate and the entries in the execution book, that the executions were issued and had been returned unsatisfied, as there was no evidence of payment. The defendant objected to all of this testimony, upon grounds which will be considered in their order. The judge charged the jury, as matter of law, that the governor had no legal power to execute the patents, and, on that account, he instructed them that their verdict should be for the defendant. Notwithstanding this positive charge upon a matter of law, the jury found for the plaintiffs. The defendant moved for a new trial. This motion was urged upon several grounds, but chiefly because the verdict was rendered against the charge of the judge. The judge refused the motion, saying in substance that, upon reflection and a more thorough examination of the tax acts, he had become satisfied that the governor was the proper officer to issue the deeds or patents in such cases; and inasmuch as the jury had followed the law, although against instructions, he would refuse the motion for a new trial. We have nothing to do with the questions of fact involved in the case. This is not a case in chancery, but a case at law, and our jurisdiction is confined entirely to errors of law, if any, on the part of the Circuit judge, brought before us by exceptions. Was it error on the part of the Circuit judge to admit as evidence the paper purporting to be a paper signed by E. M. Weston, chairman of the county commissioners, to show that a levy of four mills had been directed by that board ? The point that this paper was without seal did not appear in the “ease” when first made up, but the case was amended afterwards by leave of the Circuit judge. This .was objected to by the respondent at. the time, but this objection has not been urged here, and it will not be necessary to consider it. Formerly the power to assess taxes for county purposes was vested in the county commissioners. See Act of 1869, 14 Stat. 274; Gen. Stat. p. 148, § 10. Their warrant of assessment, signed by the county commissioners, with the seal of the county, certified by the clerk, was the treasurer’s authority to collect the taxes thus levied. 14 Stat. 237; 15 Stat. 274, 407. In the — 10 — absence of this warrant, thus prepared and verified under the act of 1869, it would have been illegal for the treasurer to act. The act of 1869, however, was repiealed by the act of 1873, and a change made in the mode of assessing and collecting both State and county taxes thereafter. Act 1873, 15 Stat. 479. By this last act the rate per centum of taxes for State purposes was fixed by the legislature. 15 Stat. 515, 657; 16 Stat. 9, 286, 549. This scheme was in force in 1874, when the taxes which have given rise to this case accrued; and under the act to raise supplies for the fiscal year commencing 1st November, 1874, § 8 (15 Stat. 658), a maximum of three mills in each of the counties in the State was provided for, the exact rate to be fixed by the county commissioners, and by them to be certified to the county auditor. It was necessary for the plaintiffs in these cases to prove that this rate for the county of Richland had been fixed by the county commissioners, and that it had been certified by them to the county auditor. The precise question between the parties as to this point was whether any rate of taxation had been fixed by the county commissioners and had been certified by them to the county auditor. The burden of proving this fact was assumed by the plaintiffs, and the circular of E. M. Weston was permitted by the judge to be introduced for that purpose. This circular is as follows: “A. L. Solomon, Coumty Auditor, Columbia, S. C.: “Sir — You are hereby notified to levy for current county expenses three mills, and for the new court house one mill, upon all property, real and personal, returned for taxation in Rich-land county.” (Signed) “ E. M. Weston, “ Chairman Board C. C.” It is a general rule of evidence that the best evidence which the nature of the question admits of must be introduced. This rule admits secondary evidence, where the party has shown that it is out of his power to produce primary. We think that the admission of this paper violated this general rule. The act of the general assembly required that the rate of — 11 — taxation for county purposes should be fixed by the county commissioners, and should be certified by them tp the county auditor. The question at issue was, had the rate of county taxes been thus fixed and certified? Now, was this note of the chairman of the county commissioners, addressed to the auditor, the best evidence which that question admitted of? It required the action of the board, as an organic body, to fix the rate. This action should have been expressed by resolution or in some other way, showing the assent of the board, or a majority of them. The note of the chairman did not show that the board as a body had taken any action whatever on the subject. It is simply a notification from himself directing the auditor to levy the rate therein specified. The best or primary evidence which this fact required was the production of the proceedings' of the board. If this was out of the power of the plaintiffs, then the way would have been open for the introduction of secondary evidence. And upon proof of this fact such secondary evidence as was within the reach of the plaintiffs might have been relied on; but there was no attempt to show, even prima fade, that the plaintiffs had exhausted all effort to produce the action of the board, or that any had been taken. The plaintiffs rested their case, as to this point, upon the note of the chairman alone. This, under the facts, we think was not only insufficient but incompetent at that stage of the case, and there was error in admitting it. The act of 1874 not only requires that the rate of taxation shall be fixed by the county commissioners, but also, when fixed, that it shall be certified by them to the county auditor. This contemplates some regular proceedings, in such shape as to be the subject of a separate certificate, and the auditor had no authority to act until he received this certificate. As has been said, the primary evidence would have been the production of these original papers. If proof had been offered that these papers were out of the reach of the plaintiffs, the foundation would have beén laid for the introduction of secondary evidence, and then possibly as secondary evidence this note of Weston might have been introduced. But even then, if this paper was intended to prove that the tax had been levied by the county — 12 — commissioners, it would, amount to no more than a written declaration of Weston that the board had taken this action. It would be proving by the parties who testified to Mr. Weston’s signature that Mr. Weston, by written declaration, had said that the board had levied the taxes, which he directed the county auditor to have collected. In this view it would be objectionable as hearsay, and therefore incompetent. The exception of appellant as to the note of the school commissioner is not as well taken. The school commissioner had no power to direct a levy until authorized by a vote of the township. Whether this vote had been taken, was a question of fact to be passed upon by the jury and is not before this court. The question here is whether the paper in question was competent evidence to the point that a levy had been' directed by the school commissioner. The act prescribes no special mode of action on the part of the school commissioner, nor does it direct the manner of notification to the treasurer. In the absence of all statutory regulations on the subject, we think any written communication by the school commissioner to the treasurer, directing the levy, would be sufficient. In this case the original paper, after proof of the signature of the school commissioner, was introduced. We see no error in permitting this paper to go to the jury. The Dunn circular stands upon a different ground. That was introduced by the respondents to account for the fact that the lands had been sold at a different time from that prescribed by the act in reference to the sale of forfeited lands. The comptroller-general, it appears, was empowered by a special act — “An act to provide for extending the time of holding delinquent land sales in the several counties of the State,” 15 Stat. 936 — to change the time of making these sales; and, by virtue of his powers under this act, it was alleged that he had fixed the time for these sales at a different time from that required by the general act on this subject. And this circular was offered and admitted to prove this fact. It purported to come from the comptroller-general’s office, but there was no proof that the signature attached was genuine. In the absence of such proof, it had no foundation to go to the jury as an official paper, and we — 13 — think it was error on the part of the Circuit judge to admit it in that form. We see no error in the ruling of the Circuit judge as to the evidence of Mr. Gibbes on the subject of the executions. Mr. Gibbes proved that he had looked for the original executions but could not find them. The execution book of the treasurer was then introduced, to show by the entries therein that these executions had been issued and had been returned unsatisfied. Mr. Greenleaf, vol. 1, p. 483, .says that books “ kept by persons in a public office, in which they are required, whether by statute or by the nature of their office, to write down particular transactions occurring in the course of their public duties, * * * are generally admissible in evidence, notwithstanding their authenticity is not confirmed by those usual and ordinary tests of truth, the obligation of an oath and the power of cross-examining the person on whose authority the truth of the documents depends.” This book, we think, belonged to that class. Tsue, it indicated higher and better evidence, to wit, the original execution, but these were lost or mislaid, and it was not in the power of the plaintiffs to produce them. The book then became secondary evidence, which, under the rule, was admissible. This brings us to the last ground of exception — the refusal of the judge to grant a new trial. The plaintiffs relied upon the deed or patent executed by the governor. This paper involved two questions — first, the authority of the governor to execute such a paper; and, second, the fact of execution. The first was a question of law and the second a question of fact. To entitle the plaintiffs to recover, it was necessary that these questions -should be resolved in their favor, because without this — -let the other facts of the ease be as they might — the defendant was entitled to the verdicts. The court was the judge of the question of law and the jury of the question of fact. Under our system this is the case.in all jury trials. The court decides the questions of law and the jury the facts. The value of this system depends greatly upon the preservation of this distinction. The functions of each should not only be preserved intact, but should be kept separate and apart. So important was this regarded by the founders of our judicial — 14 — system that it was expressly provided in the fundamental law of the State government — the constitution — that the judges should not only be limited to questions of law, but should be forbidden to comment on the facts. True, there is no such express inhibition upon the jury invading the province of the court, but this, no doubt, was because such invasion was not supposed possible. It needs no authority, then, to say that the jury is bound to take the law from the court. This principle applies in every ■class of cases, except one not necessary now to be considered. And whén the law is announced by the court it is the law of the ■case until overruled by a higher authority. It follows, then, that a verdict in direct conflict with the law of the court is a verdict against the law, and will in all cases be vacated in the first instance, either sua sponte by the judge, or on motion of the aggrieved party. Any other doctrine would lead to the utmost confusion. If the jury could question the charge of the judge, the result would be that in every case the whole case, both law and facts, would go to the jury, under the hope that, whatever might be the charge of the judge at the time, he could be satisfied afterwards that he was in error. This could not be tolerated. It would degrade the judiciary and unhinge the whole system. The argument of the respondent, by which he attempts to draw a distinction between a verdict contrary to the charge of the judge and-one contrary to law, though ingenious, fails to meet the case. In fact, that doctrine would open the door to the very evil which a separation of the powers and duties of the court and jury' was intended to prevent. So far as the jury is concerned, there is no such thing as the charge of the judge being ■contrary to law, because, whatever may be his charge, it is the law to them. . The question before the court is not whether the governor was authorized to issue the patent — and we have not considered that question — but whether the judge should have set aside the verdicts, which, as matter of law, he had directed the jury they could not render. In our opinion it was error on his part not to vacate their verdicts. Whether this motion was properly made to the court below on the minutes of the judge, under the code, we think is not material here. The motion was, in substance, to vacate the — 15 — verdicts as contrary to the law given to the jury by the court, and it was in order for the judge to hear it when made. The judgment of this court is that the judgment of the Circuit Court be reversed, and that the case be remanded for.a new trial. McIver, and McGowan, A. J.’s, concurred.