Crocker v. Allen

The opinion of the court was delivered by Mr. Justice McIver. This was an action brought by the — 458 — plaintiff herein to set aside a judgment previously obtained against her by the defendant herein, and to obtain an injunction to restrain the enforcement of the execution issued on said judgment, solely upon the ground that she was never served with the summons in the former action, and had no knowledge of any such proceedings against her until her land was advertised for sale under said execution. In her complaint, a copy of which is set out in the “Case,” and which should be incorporated in the report of this case, she makes no allegation of fraud, and states no fact imparting an equitable feature to her case, and her demand for an injunction is not sufficient to give it such a character for two reasons: 1st. Because, as we have held in the case of Westlake v. Farrow, ante 270, decided at the present term, the demand for relief cannot be looked to as giving character to the cause of action; and 2nd, because she states no case entitling her to an injunction. Gillam v. Arnold, 82 S. C., 503. The Circuit Judge held, amongst other things which, under the view we take of the case, need not be stated, that the complaint failed to state facts sufficient to constitute a cause of action, and therefore rendered judgment dismissing the complaint. From this judgment plaintiff appeals upon the several grounds set out in' the record ; but as the fundamental question in the case, superseding all others, is whether the Circuit Judge erred in his ruling as above stated, we shall confine ourselves to that question. 1 In the case of The Southern Porcelain Manufacturing Company v. Thew, cashier of the National Bank of Augusta, Georgia (5 S. C., 5), the action was brought to set aside a judgment confessed by the president of the plaintiff company to the defendant, upon the allegation that the judgment was null and void for three reasons, substantially: 1st. Because the confession, not being under the corporate seal, was not legal or binding upon the plaintiff 2nd. Because the debt admitted by the plaintiff was not the legal obligation of the plaintiff corporation. 3rd. That the confession was signed by a person having no authority whatever to do so. It was held that these averments, standing by themselves, would neither support an action at law nor a bill in equity under the former procedure; but that the remedy was by •motion in the court in which the judgment was rendered, if the — 459 — same was insufficient in form, or for any reason void. In that case it is said : “An action under the Code of Procedure only lies where the subject matter of such action furnished ground previous to the adoption of the Code for the maintenance of either an action at law or a bill in equity,” or in certain other cases not applicable to the present inquiry. * * * “What rights shall be enforced and what wrongs shall be l’edressed by.a civil action, is not determined by the Code, except in the case of proceedings formerly taken by scire facias, quo warranto,” &c. “These matters are therefore to be determined according to the law as it stood previous to the adoption of the Code. In order, then, to ascertain whether a complaint under the Code sets forth a sufficient cause of action, except in the special cases above enumerated, the inquiry must be whether, under the former practice of this State, the matters set forth were sufficient either to support an action at law or a bill in equity.” Now, as it was well setted that a Court of Equity would not entertain a case asking for relief, where the party complaining had a plain, adequate, and complete remedy at law, the practical inquiry in this case is whether, under the former practice, the plaintiff would have had a plain and adequate remedy for the wrong of which she complains, by motion to the court and in the case in which the judgment in question was rendered. If she had, then she cannot maintain an action on the equity side of the court to obtain the redress sought, but must resort to the simpler and less expensive remedy by motion. A review of the authorities will show beyond dispute that the Court of Common Pleas has always claimed and exercised the power to entertain such a motion. In Mooney v. Welsh (1 Mill Con. R., 138), the motion was to set aside a judgment on the ground that the verdict and judgment exceeded the damages laid in the writ, and it was held that the Court of Common Pleas has always exercised the power of looking into its own records, and on motion affording that remedy which is obtained by writ of error in England. In Barns v. Branch (3 McCord, 19), a motion was entertained to set aside proceedings for partition in the law court, upon the ground of want of notice to the guardian ad litem of the infant defendants, although such want of notice did460 not appear on the record. In that case Nott, J., expresses the opinion that a Court of Equity could not afford relief. In Wotton v. Parsons (4 McCord, 368), the motion was to set aside a judgment upon the same.ground as that upon which the plaintiff in the case now under consideration bases her action, to wit, want of service of the process ; and it was held that while a judge at chambers could not grant such a motion, yet he might order a stay of execution until the motion could be heard and determined by the court. In Poney v. Underwood (1 Hill, 263), O’Neall, J., uses this language: “Generally there can be no doubt that a court of law possesses exclusive jurisdiction over the amendment or vacation of its own judgments. This power applies most usually to matters of form or substance apparent on the face of the record. Sometimes, however, it is exercised, as between the parties, on matters out of and beyond the record; and he goes on to prescribe the mode of proceeding in such cases. To the same effect is Dial if Henderson v. Farrow (1 McMull., 292), in which Judge ONeall in terms recognizes the doctrine that a judgment may be set aside on a motion upon the ground that defendant had not been served with process. In Haigler v. Way (2 Rich., 324), it-was held that the proper mode of proceeding to set aside a judgment irregularly obtained against an infant, there having been no guardian ad litem appointed and no appearance having been entered, was by a motion in the case. In Williams v. Lanneau (4 Strob., 27), a judgment for the amount assessed in lieu of dower was set aside on motion, upon the ground that the defendant had not been served with a copy of the summons on which the subsequent proceedings were based, the court recognizing several of the preceding cases, especially Wotton v. Parsons, and citing another very similar case, O’Neall v. Wright, which does not seem to-have been reported. To same effect see Crane v. Martin, 4 Rich., 251; Mills § Co. v. Dickson & Mills, 6 Id., 487; and Stenhouse v. Bonum, 12 Id., 620, in "which last named case the judgment was set aside on motion upon the ground of want of jurisdiction in the court which undertook to render said judgment. The case of Townsend. Arnold & Co. v. Meetze (4 Rich., 510), is not in conflict with the — 461 — foregoing cases. On the contrary, the practice of proceeding by motion was distinctly recognized, and the only reason why the motion was refused in that case was because a discovery was demanded and was necessary, which could only have been obtained in a Court of Equity. These cases unquestionably establish the doctrine-that the pro per mode of proceeding to set aside a judgment prior to the abolition of the Court of Equity was by motion to the court and in the cause wherein the judgment was rendered, and therefore a bill in equity for that purpose would not be entertained by the Court of Equity, unless it contained allegations imputing to the case some features of equitable cognizance; such, for example, as fraud, accident, or mistake, or unless a discovery was demanded. See Attorney General v. Baker, 9 Rich. Eq, at pages 530-1; McDowall v. McDowall, Bail. Eq., 325. That the same practice has been recognized and followed since the Court of Equity was abolished as a separate tribunal, may be seen by reference to the cases of Southern Porcelain Manufacturing Company v. Thew, cashier of National Bank of Augusta, Georgia, 5 S. C., 5, supra; Clark v. Porcelain Manufacturing Company, 8 Id., 22; Ex parte Carroll, 17 Id., 446; Ferguson & Miller v. Gilbert & Co., 17 Id., 26 ; Darby & Co. v. Shannon, 19 Id., at page 533; Turner v. Malone, 24 Id., 398. To these authorities in our own State may be added that of the Supreme Court of the United States, in the case of Walker v. Robbins, 14 How., 584. In that case a bill in equity was filed in the Circuit Court of the United States for the District 'of Mississippi, praying a perpetual injunction against a judgment recovered in an action at law in the same court, upon the ground, amongst others, that Walker had not been served with process in the action at law, though the record of such judgment showed on its face that Walker had been duly served. It was held that the bill could not be maintained, the court using this language : “Assuming the fact to be that Walker was not served with process (that being the undisputed evidence in the case), and that the marshal’s return is false, can the bill in this event be maintained? The respondents did no act (hat can connect them with the false return; it was the sole act of the marshal, through his — 462 — deputy, for which he was responsible to the complainant Walker, for any damages that were sustained by him in consequence of the false return. This is free from controversy; still-the marshal’s responsibility does not settle the question made by the bill, which is, in general terms,-whether a Court of Equity has jurisdiction to-regulate proceedings, and to afford relief at law where there has been abuse in the various details arising on execution of process, original, mesne, or final. If a Court of Chancery can be called on to correct one abuse, so it may be to correct another, and in effect to vacate judgments where the tribunal rendering the same would refuse relief, either on motion or on a proceeding by audita querela, where this mode of redress is in use. In cases of false returns affecting the defendant, where the plaintiff at law is not in fault, redress can only be had in the court of law where the record was made, and if relief cannot be had there, the party injured must seek his remedy against the marshal.” It is true that in that case the court does go on to assign another reason for the conclusion reached — that the appellant, Walker, though not served with process, had really appeared by counsel in the action at law — b.ut this does not weaken the force and effect of the first reason assigned in the words above quoted. It seems to us clear, therefore, that this action on the equity side of the court cannot be sustained, where, as in this case, the complaint contains no allegations imputing to the case any features of equitable cognizance,,but rests 'solely upon the allegation that plaintiff was never served with process in the action in which the judgment in question was recovered. The fact that such judgment was recovered in an action on the equity side of the court to foreclose a mortgage, cannot affect the question. The record of the case in which the judgment sought to be set aside is complete in itself, and shows no flaw- or defect. It does not show that the defendant therein (the plaintiff here) was not served, but shows the contrary; and if it is proposed to show that the return of the sheriff was false, by evidence de hors the record, it should be done by a motion in that case; for while it stands as it is, it must be regarded as a valid judgment in any other action or proceeding. In this respect the present case differs radically from Finley v. Robertson, 17 S. C., 439, and Genobles v. West, — 463 — 23 Id., 160; for there the jurisdictional defect, for want of proper service, appeared upon the face of the record, while here the contrary is the case. It cannot be said that the necessity for an injunction would be sufficient to give the Court of Equity jurisdiction; for that relief was always obtainable by a motion to stay the execution, which the authorities above cited show could have been granted by a Circuit Judge at chambers, even before the enactment of the statute expressly conferring such power, now incorporated in General Statutes as section 2115. 2 There is another view which would be sufficient to show that this action on the equity side of the court cannot be maintained under the allegations made in the complaint. In Freeman on Judgments, section 498, the author, while admitting that there are decisions in some of the States to the contrary, says : “The better established rule undoubtedly is, that notwithstanding an alleged want of service of process, a Court of Equity will not interfere to set aside a judgment until it appears that the “result will be other or different from that already reached.” This, we suppose, rests upon the elementary doctrine that he who seeks equity must do equity. Where, therefore, a party invoices the aid of the Court of Equity to be relieved from a judgment obtained against him for a debt which is neither alleged nor shown to be unjust, simply on the ground of some error in the proceedings, not affecting the merits, the Court .of Equity may very properly refuse its aid in enabling a party to escape the payment of what appears to be a just debt, and which is neither alleged nor shown to be otherwise, and leave the party to his remedy at law, if he has any. As is said b}1- Curtis, J., in Hendrickson v. Hineckley, 17 How., 443 : “A Court of Equity does not interfere with judgments at law unless the complainant has an equitable defence of which he could not avail himself at law, because it did not amount to a legal defence; or had a good defence at law which he was prevented from availing himself of by fraud or accident, unmixed with negligence of himself or his agents”—citing Walker v. Robbins, supra, and also Marine Insurance Company v. Hodgson (7 Cranch. 333), in which that great judge, Marshall, C. J., said: “Without attempting to draw any — 464 — precise line to which Courts of Equity will advance, and which they cannot pass, in restraining parties from availing themselves of judgments obtained at law, it may safely be said that any fact which clearly proves it to be against conscience to execute ■ a judgment, and of which the injured party could not have availed himself in a court of law ; or of which he might have availed himself at law, but was prevented by fraud or accident, unmixed with any fault or negligence in himself or his agents, will justify an application to a Court of Chancery.” • It seems to us, therefore, that in no viewr of the case could the action be maintained, and that there was no error in dismissing the complaint. The judgment of this court is, that the judgment of the Circuit Court be affirmed.