Gore v. Clarke

The opinion of the court was delivered by Mr. Justice Pope. Benjamin F. Briggs, while a citizen of this State, having a living wife and two children, caused a last will and testament to be prepared for him, by the terms of which he left $50 to each one of his children; provided, that one-fourth part of his whole estate, after payment of debts, [543] should be equally divided amongst three bastard children, said to have been borne to him by Louisa C. Massey; and that the balance of his whole estate thereafter remaining should vest absolutely in his friend, James L. Clarke. XJpon Briggs’ death in 1885, he left such will unrevoked. His daughter, Mrs. Gore, as plaintiff, now seeks to avoid the payment, by the executors of her father’s will, of the balance of his estate to James L. Clarke, upon the ground that he was to receive the same upon a secret trust for the said Louisa C. Massey and her three children. Judge Fraser heard the cause at March term, 1891, of the Court of Common Pleas for York County, upon the pleadings, testimony taken before him, and deposition of an absent witness, and, by his decree, denied plaintiff the relief prayed for, and dismissed the bill. From this decree the plaintiff appeals upon several grounds. It is not denied that B. F. Briggs died survived by his widow and two children, and that for a number of years before his death he had sustained unlawful relations with Louisa C. Massey, and that she bore him three children. Under the laws of this State, he was allowed to give by will, or otherwise, not more than one-fourth of his estate to Louisa C. Massey and her children. If, however, he attempted to provide a larger portion of his estate than one-fourth for them, his wife or children could defeat such increased gifts or devises. It is not claimed here that such illicit offspring are given directly more than such one-fourth of his estate, but it is strenuously urged that the bequest to James L. Clarke is upon a secret trust for such illegitimate children. Here is the contention. Judge Fraser in his decree finds it as a fact that the testator’s purpose was that Louisa C. Massey and her three illegitimate children should have the use and benefit of the gift to James L. Clarke, but he declines to enforce any trust as to such gift, as against James L. Clarke, upon the ground that he is not satisfied from the testimony before him that James L. Clarke, during the lifetime of the testator, had ever been informed of the testator’s intention to create such a trust. The several grounds of appeal urge that the Circuit Judge was in error. It is suggested that sections 1785 and 1866 of the General [544] Statutes render any provision, directly or indirectly, made in favor of illegitimate children, over one-fourth of the net estate, void, when the purpose of the testator is established, even if the stranger beneficiary did not know before death of testator of the trust intended to be attached by the testator to his bounty. Again, it is contended that the Circuit Judge erred in deciding that the testimony in this case failed to establish a knowledge by James L. Clarke, during the lifetime of the testator Briggs, of the secret trust attached by testator to his (Clarke’s) bequest. 1 We will not undertake to review the decisions of this court rendered in construing this provision of our laws. We are content to adopt the language of that great jurist, Chancellor Johnstone, in announcing the judgment of the court in the case of Bradley v. Lowry, Speer Eq., 1: “I regard the statute as remedial, and I conceive that it should be so construed as to suppress the mischief contemplated by it;” but, as was said by the same chancellor in Hull v. Hull, 2 Strob. Eq., 188: “In considering the act with reference to its general intention, it must be remembered that there are few rights more valued by the citizen, or more uniformly respected by the legislature (of which we have abundant evidence in this very statute), than the jus disponendi; and no construction in abridgment of this right can be conformable bo the spirit and intent of the act, except when the abridgment arises necessarily from the application of the act to the cases which it describes, or becomes necessary in carrying its provisions into effect, as provisions of a remedial statute.” As was said by Chief Justice McIver in Massey v. Wallace, 32 S. C., 154, in reference to this provision of our law: “Its terms are very sweeping, and it forbids a person having a wife or lawful children from giving to a woman with whom he lives in adultery, or to his bastard children, more than one-fourth of the clear value of his estate, either by deed or will, or by any other ways or means whatsoever.” Both parties to this controversy admit all these provisions and the effect given to them in the many decisions of our courts in construing them. [544] But it is contended by the appellant here, in the first place, [545] that the testator has attempted to evade the law, and that such attempt must be decided to be unavailing, because the Circuit Judge has decided that such was his purpose, notwithstanding it is contended by the respondent, James L. Clarke, that he had no information of such illegal intention of the testator in his lifetime. The case relied upon by the Circuit Judge to support his view, that if Clarke did not have information of testator’s intention before his death, his bequest must stand, is that of Taylor v. McRa, 3 Rich. Eq., 90. In the last mentioned case, by the express terms of the will of McRa, a provision was made in favor of a stranger, Taylor, coupled with a request in these words: “to his special kindness and attention I commit my beloved daughter and son [both illegitimate], and invoke for them his most kind attention and protection.” McBa had a wife living at his death, though she had been separated from him for more than thirty years. This wife was a lunatic, her estate being managed by a committee; he had no children, but had several grand-children. The decision of the court was, that th'ere was no trust raised by the use of the words of the testator in giving Taylor in fee simple three-fourths of his estate, notwithstanding the use of the words quoted above, “to his special kindness and attention I commit my beloved daughter and son,” &c. In the case of Taylor v. McRa, supra, it will be discovered that the court construed the words of the will on its face—there were no circumstances outside of the will relied upon to create any trust in the bequest to Taylor—and the court held: “It is not pretended that there is any secret trust on the part of the plaintiff for the illegitimate children, and it is conceded that the gift to the plaintiff makes him the absolute proprietor of the estate, unless the terms of the will create an express trust. The course of courts of equity, of late years, has been against the conversion of legatees into trustees, by vague expressions of wishes or recommendations in the disposition of the estate (Sale v. Moore, 1 Sim., 534; Meredith v. Heneage, Ibid., 542; Wright v. Atkyns, 1 Tur. & Russ., 143); and here there is nothing more than a commendation of his children by the testator to the kindness and protection of his executor, without refer [546] ence to the estate, and after a contingent gift thereof in fee.” We have quoted thus freely from that decision to show that the court, in the case relied upon, expressly decided that the words of the will created no trust, and expressly announced that there was no reliance upon any secret trust. Under such circumstances, we are at a loss to perceive the force and effect given by the Circuit Judge to the case of Taylor v. McRa. It does not pretend to apply to the cases of secret trusts; on the contrary, it guardedly avoids deciding such a case. We must, therefore, look elsewhere for the principles to govern us in the true construction to be applied here. 3 Uo one for a moment gainsays the proposition that a man can give his property to a strangerat the sacrifice of the claims of those who should be nearest and dearest to him. In our private judgment we may denounce him for his disregard of his own blood, but yet it is his right, and he may exercise it if he sees proper. The view that is to be considered is, has a man a right to circumvent the law by means of a bequest to a stranger, coupled with a secret trust for his illegitimate children % and we do not propose to lose sight of the true point in issue. Again, we remark that the Circuit Judge in this case has found as a fact from which there is no appeal, that Briggs, the testator, intended this bequest to Clarke to enure to the benefit of his illegitimate children to the exclusion of his own legal offspring. The laws of this commonwealth declare null and void any gift, devise, or any other device whatsoever, whereby a person intends any more than one-fourth in the clear of his estate to go to his illegitimate children, provided the wife or child alone can raise the question. This scheme was most cunningly devised; the respondent Clarke says he knew nothing of it during the lifetime of the testator. If the testator’s personal representative was making this question, it is easy to see that he would fail. But the contest is made by the child of testator, not through him but against him; that child seeks now, not what such testator provided for him, but rather an estate that the law gives such child as a penalty, so to speak, for an effort to nullify its provisions. There is not, nor can there be, any valuable consideration moving from Clarke [547] in regard to this bequest; he is nothing but one who has found, if we could adopt his views, a valuable treasure, without trouble or expense, at his hands. Itis possible that, if the contest were between the illegitimate children and himself, there might be some virtue in his position, but not so as to the legitimate children of Briggs, the testator. 4 We have no decision directly bearing upon this precise point arising in the construction of the bastardy act. There are some very strong expressions that occur in the decree on the circuit by Chancellor Wardlaw, and in the judgment rendered by the Court of Appeals in the case of Belcher v. McKelvey, 11 Rich; Eq., 9. In this last case, it seems that one Robert Tucker, of Laurens, had eight negro slaves. In April, 1854, he made a deed to W. W. Belcher, of Abbe-ville, in consideration of $1,000, for one of the slaves, George, by name, but in June, 1854, he made a deed, for the consideration of love, good will, and affection for his friend, W. W. Belcher, and $50, for the seven slaves still remaining, reserving a life estate in himself. The proof showed very clearly that the grantor did not even know W. W. Belcher, but had heard he was a good man. It was also made evident that the purpose of Tucker, who was 80 years of age, and very much under the influence of his negro slaves, was to have his slaves emancipated. The legislature of this State, in 1841, had enacted a law by the provisions of which any deed or bequest of negro slaves to another, either upon the expressed condition that they should be emancipated by the grantee or legatee, or upon any secret trust for that purpose, was declared null and void, and that such property, upon proof of such illegal purposes, should vest in the personal representative of such donor or testator, if needed to pay his debts, or, if not so needed, should be vested in his distributees or next of kin. McKelvey, as administrator of Tucker, after his death disregarded the deed for the seven negroes to Belcher, and thereupon Belcher filed his bill in equity. Without repeating the testimony, we may say it was clearly established that Tucker had importuned persou after person in Laurens to accept a deed for the negroes under this trust, that they should be emancipated; and Belcher admitted [548] that he regarded himself bound by an obligation of this character, notwithstanding he was personally unacquainted with Tucker, and had received no communication from him. The Court of Appeals decided that Belcher was entitled to hold George, having paid full value for him; but that the remaining slaves should be delivered up to the persons entitled thereto under the provisions of the act of 1841. No doubt exists that the legislature intended by its provisions to protect the public interests, but it will be observed that any property recovered under its mandates should vest as the law would have vested it if the donor or testator had not attempted to evade the law. In the Circuit decree of Chancellor Ward-law, when he comes to discuss the effect of the sections of the act of 1841, upon sales and voluntary donations of slave property on trusts declared unlawful by it's provisions, he points out very suggestively, what may prove an important feature of the law in the proper decision of the case at bar. He says: “I suppose a sate [italics ours], on the unlawful trusts mentioned in the second and third sections of the act of 1841, ¿>articularly the latter section, is no less liable to be declared void than a voluntary donation ; although there is more influence in a mere gift than a sale in aiding the implication of the trust itself [italics ours]. It is not clear, when the donee is a mere volunteer, that it is not enough to bring the gift within the scope of the act, that the donor certainly intends an unlawful trust [italics ours], although the donee may not he fully cognizant of it. If the trust be not executed, the donor is defrauded; and whether it be or not, there is an attempt to defeat the policy declared by the legislature by the enactment. It is difficult to convert one into a trustee without his consent, and the trust under the act must always be in the donee, and merely the creation, or attempt at creation, of the trust on the part of the donor; still a donee, or other person, should not be allowed to take advantage from the fraud of another, and one may naturally suspect fraud, or purpose to create a trust, when unreasonable and extravagant bounty is conferred on him by a stranger.” We should be candid, and state that, notwithstanding this reasoning on the part of the chancellor, his conclusion of this [549] branch of the case was not rested, as he expressed it, “on such doubtful propositions.” When this case reached the Court of Appeals, Chancellor Dunkin, referring to the matters just quoted from the Circuit decree of Chancellor Wardlaw, said : “And I .share in the apprehension of the Circuit Chancellor, that the purposes of the act might be easily frustrated, if it were necessary to bring home to the knowledge of the voluntary donee the unlawful designs of the donor. In the analogous case of a voluntary deed in fraud of creditors, it is not necessary to establish the scienter on the part of the donee. In Story’s Equity, section 351, the authority of Pothier and other civil law writers is cited for the doctrine applicable to this class of cases. It was the rule of the civil law to avoid all alienations or other dispositions of their property made by debtors to defraud their creditors. Hence all such dispositions were annulled, whether the donee knew of the prejudice intended to the creditors or not. In the language of Pothier, the inquiry is not whether he to whom the gift was made knew of the intention of the donor, but only whether the creditor was defrauded. The voluntary donee has no cause of complaint except that he is not permitted to enjoy that which the donor had no right to give away.” Here, also, candor requires us to say the. Court of Appeals did not base their decision upon this reasoning, for they found that Belcher had knowledge of Tucker’s unlawful intentions. 3 Why should we say the act of 1841 was aimed to suppress conduct prejudicial to the public, and deny the same virtue to the bastardy act of 1795? The fruits or penalties in each enured to the benefit of private persons. The mischief which was designed to be corrected related to the public in each act. Why is not the preservation of domestic happiness and the suppression of illegal conduct in husbands and fathers as closely allied to the public interests as the preservation of a domestic institution such as slavery? The bastardy act, while designed to preserve the rights of the wife and children, in those cases where an unjust preference by the husband or father of his mistress or illegitimate children might lead such husband or father to give more than one-fourth part of his net estate to [550] such illegal connections of his, was also designed to teach the citizen lessons of virtue and morality. In the case at bar, if the legatee Clarke was not apprised of the illegal purpose of the testator, would it not be a fraud upon such testator if this legatee claimed this property as his own absolutely! Being a voluntary stranger, no consideration moved the testator to bestow this gift upon him. It is impossible for Clarke, under the facts developed at this trial, to rest under any other conviction than that Briggs, the testator, coupled with the gift an obligation to use it for the benefit of his illegitimate children, for whom he had already in his will provided to the limit allowed by law. If he should disregard this palpable intention of his benefactor, he would be lost to all shame. If he should regard it and execute it, he thus contravenes the positive laws of his country forbidding such a course. Under our view of the law, he shall not be required to elect either course. We feel it our duty to adjudge, it having been established in this case that Briggs, the testator, intended the gift to Clarke to be for his illegitimate children, that all the estate that was given to James L. Clarke under the will of Briggs shall be paid to the widow and two children of the testator by the executor, J. F. Wallace. Having reached the foregoing conclusion, it is unnecessary for us to discuss any other propositions of law or fact herein .involved. It is the judgment of this court, that the judgment of the Circuit Court be reversed and that the action be remanded to the Circuit Court, with directions to enforce by suitable proceedings the conclusions herein announced. Mr. Justice McGowan concurred.