Johns v. Charlotte, &c., Railroad

The opinion of the court was delivered by Mr. Justice McGowan. This was an action to recover damages for personal injuries received by the plaintiff, a traveling salesman, on 30th of November, 1889, at Chester, S. C., while he was approaching a.t night the passenger depot of the Charlotte, Columbia and Augusta Railroad, by stepping into an open trestle on the main line of the Chester and Lenoir Narrow Gauge Railz-oad. There is no “Case stated,” but a plat is attached to the record which describes the premises. Counsel for the appellant states the facts as follows: “It seems that some time prior to 1883, the Chester and Lenoir Narrow Gauge Railroad Company had built a railroad from Chester to some [joint north of that place. Its line of road ran east of that of the Charlotte, Columbia and Augusta Railroad, and parallel thereto, until it crossed the street in front of Nicholson’s Hotel. It does not clearly appear how the track of the Narrow Gauge Road was built along this line, and whether it obtained its right of way by condemnation, grant or license. It does appear, however, that the Charlotte, Columbia and — 167 — Augusta Bailroad Company operated'the Narrow Gauge Bail-road in 1883, and that a trestle was made from the street to a point north of the depot. The statutory right of way of the C., 0. & A. B. B. is sixty-five feet from the centre of the track each way, and that this trestle is within this right of way. Under what arrangements and proceedings this trestle and line of track was put within or on the sixty-five feet right of way, does not appear. The defendant compauy ceased to operate, or to have anything to do with or to control, the C. & L. B. B. after the first of May, 1886. The trestle was on the main line of the G. & L. Bailroad. From 1886 to and at the time of the accident, the Bichmond and Danville Bailroad Company managed and controlled this road under a lease. “At the time this trestle was built, the passenger depot of the defendant company was located near the street, and the rear of it abutted against the trestle. Subsequently the passenger depot of the C., C. & A. B. B. Company was removed to its present location. After this was done, the Bichmond and Danville Bailroad Company built along the trestle a plank-way, which is from four to ten feet deep along its whole length, and about ten inches between each crosstie.” This plankway or platform was put there, as stated by one of the witnesses, ‘in order to combine the depot for the use of the two railroads.’ “On the morning of November 30th, 1889, the plaintiff, about 3 o’clock a. m., and his companion, Mr. Murphy, were awakened by the hotel porter, for the purpose of taking the train on the railroad of the defendant company. It seems that they did not have time themselves to get ready and purchase their tickets, and they sent the porter out in advance to purchase them. After they had dressed, they proceeded to the train themselves; they passed out of the hotel, down the steps and advanced towards the city lamps in the street on or across the track of the 0. & L. Narrow Gauge, instead of proceeding forward to the 0., C. & A. Bailroad, and going down to the place where passengers are received on trains on that road. They observed a light shining out of a window in the passenger depot, and started across the platform to reach the place where the cars were usually stopped. Instead, however, of going over — 168 — the plaukway, they advanced to the head of the trestle, and plaintiff stepped in between the first and second crossties, and was injured,” &c. It does not appear whether the porter, who had gone in advance, had purchased the plaintiff’s passenger ticket at the moment that he fell into the open trestle and was injured. He complains that he was very seriously injured in his foot and ankle, “caused by the gross negligence of the defendant company in allowing the said open and dangerous trestle to remain unguarded in the way of passengers going or returning from its passenger trains, in not keeping lights near said trestle, and in not providing a safe approach in that direction to its station, where passengers alight from and get on said train.” Under the charge of the judge, and after they, in charge of an officer, had inspected the locality where the injury was received, the jury found a verdict of $1,300 for the plaintiff, upon which judgment was entered; from which the defendant company now appeals to this court upon various grounds, embracing alleged errors of rulings at the trial, in granting certain requests to charge and iu refusing others. The requests especially are long, and as they are all printed in the brief, they need nob be here stated again. 1 Exceptions 1 and 2 [to the rulings] were withdrawn at the trial by the appellant. Exception 3 alleged error in the ruling of the judge, “in allowing the plaintiff to testify, over the objection of the defendant, how many people he had to care for, and of whom they consisted.” If the testimony had gone further in the line indicated, it might have become error; but as it stopped simply at the number and character of his family, we think it was wholly immaterial and could not affect the result, especially as the judge charged as follows: “Now in a case where the railroad company was guilty of any gross and reckless disregard of the lives and persons of people, juries are allowed to give what you call punitive damages — go beyond actual damages and give damages by way of punishment. Gentlemen, while that is a matter for you, I charge you that it is not proper, unless in a clear case of wilful, palpable disregard of their duty, to apply that degree — 169 — of responsibility,” &c. See McLaurin v. Wilson, 16 S. C., 412; Thompson v. Brannan, 14 Id., 643. Exception 4 complains of error on the part of the judge, “in allowing the witness Bernard to testify, over the objection of the defendant, as to the locus and occurrences with reference thereto long prior to the accident to the plaintiff, and also to the condition of affairs at other and different places on defendant’s platform and track than where the accident occurred,” &c. 2 3 It seems that when the testimony of this witness was offered, objection was made, but overruled; that no exception was noted at the time, and the .=plaintiff, under the authority of Thompson v. Brannan, 14 S. C., 542, now objects that, the appellant having acquiesced, can not renew the matter in this court. But as the objection was included in the written exceptions, we will consider it. The witness Thomas Bernard was the engineer under whose direction the trestle so often spoken of was built, and, as it seems to us, was the very person best calculated to inform the court when the trestle extending the Narrow Gauge track was built on the right of way of the C., C. & A. Company — for what purpose it was built, and by whom — and also as to when the new depot of the C., C. & A. Company was erected, and for what purpose the plankway or platform was laid along that open trestle. "We have read the testimony of the witness carefully, and we must say that we agree with the Circuit- Judge, that the testimony was entirely relevant to the issues and unobjectionable. 4 That brings us to what the parties consider the main question in the case, and that is as to what degree of care is required of railroad carriers in making and keeping up safe approaches to their passenger depots. The judge charged as follows: “It is contended for the plaintiff that extraordinary care is required, that more than ordinary care is required under the circumstances. On the other hand, on the part of the defendant company, it is said that the railroad company, under the peculiar circumstances of this case, were not required to exercise anything more than ordinary care and prudence, such care as would be required by your own town council, in keeping dangerous objects off the streets, and such — 170 — care as would be required by a private person, not to allow any dangerous objects to stand in the way of ingress to his house, where people were invited — that is, such care as a man of ordinary prudence would exercise. Now, in this contention, I charge you that, in regard to passengers, the railroad company is to be held to extraordinary care- — extraordinary care providing for the safety of passengers.” Was this error of law? As a general rule, it certainly was not. It is so well established that the citation of authorities is entirely unnecessary. But when does that responsibility on the part of the railroad company arise? It is contended in behalf of the company that this extraordinary liability is imposed upon a railroad carrier of passengers for the reason that the operation of engines and cars by the. power of steam is dangerous, and, therefore, can not commence until the passenger has purchased his ticket and taken his seat in a coach to be transported; for up to that moment, as contended, he is in no peculiar danger, and, therefore, he is entitled to nothing more than ordinary care; that the carrier’s liability in respect of the condition of his premises, approaches and platforms is neither greater nor less than that of one xDerson to another, who, by invitation or inducement, express or implied, has come upon his premises for the purpose of transacting business. Some eases were cited, which seemed to recognize the distinction indicated, but we think that it is not well founded — that it would be impossible to maintain such an arbitrary and shadowy line, and that the great weight of authority is against it — holding that the liability of the carrier arises as soon as there is a contract of carriage between the parties. The judge left it to the jury to determine whether the plaintiff’s ticket had been purchased at the moment he received his injury; and we might assume from their verdict that it had been so purchased. “The relation of carrier and passenger begins when, a contract of carriage having been made, or the passenger having been accepted as such by the carrier, he has come upon the carrier’s premises or hasentered upon any means of conveyance provided by the carrier,” &c. “If a person has thebonafide intention of taking passage by a train, and if he goes, to a station at a rea — 171 — sonable time, he is entitled to protection as a passenger, not only from the moment he enters upon the carrier’s premises, but also while en route to the station in an omnibus run by the railway to take passengers to their trains.” 2 Am. & Eng. Enc. Law, 744, and notes. But, according to the judge’s charge, it was immaterial whether the ticket had or had not been purchased at the moment the injury was received. The judge said: “There has been some contention between these parties as to whether these parties were ‘passengers’ or not. That is a question of fact for you. Mr. Abney for the defence argued that the relation of passenger and carrier had not been established at the time this accident occurred; that these parties were not in the actual custody and care of the defendant company at the time the accident happened. Well, in regard to that, I will say this: That the relation of a passenger co the company wonld commence certainly from the purchase of the ticket, with the immediate purpose of taking the cars as soon as they were ready on the track. . It has been argued on one side, that the evidence shows that their tickets, had been procured by the hotel porter, whom they made their agent, and claim that they were passengers; but I think this extraordinary care would be required of the railroad authorities as to any person who was going in the proper way, by any proper approach, to take the cars or to purchase a ticket, or to get his baggage checked; that if he got on the property of the railroad, that he had the right to find everything that was necessary for the railroad to have done to secure his safety,” &c. It seems to us that this was not error, but in exact conformity to the doctrine of the elementary writers as well as of the decided cases. “A carrier is liable for negligence in its construction or maintenance in repair of its station approaches, station buildings, * * * and station platforms.” Pierce on Eailroads, 275, 276, and notes. “A carrier is also liable for a failure to adequately light its stations and platforms, and for negligent obstructions on station platforms,” &c. 2 Am. & Eng. Ene. Law, title “Carriers,” page 760, and notes, especially note 4. See the charge of Maulé, J., to the jury, as — 172 — reported in Martin v. G. N. R. R. Co., 16 C. B. (81 E. C. L.); 179, and, also, the judgment of Dillon, Justice, in McDonald v. C. & N. W. R. R. Co., 26 Iowa, 124, and the note of Judge Red-field to the last cited case in 2d Redfield Railroad Cases, 532. The judgment of this court is, that the judgment of the Circuit Court be affirmed. Me. Justice Pope. 4 I shall not undertake to state anew the facts upon which this contention is based. The opiuions of the senior members of this court have already set them forth clearly and distinctly. I would content myself with a general concurrence in the opinion of Mr. Justice McGowan, if it were not the fact, that, in my judgment, it should be considered as applying to the facts of this case, and not, as a general rule, applicable to all sets of cases where accidents occur by reason of defective approaches to stations at which passengers board railroad trainsfor passage thereon. In my judgment, railroad companies should not be held responsible for extraordinary care in making and keeping in repair such approaches to stations for passengers, except in those instances where bridges or trestles on their property are used as a part of such approaches which such railroads use in the approaches to such stations, and over which they invite passengers to enter their property for the purpose of taking passage in their cars. In the case at bar, it is admitted that the railroad company in question invited persons wishing passage in its cars, by day and by night, to reach their cars to embark thereon, by crossing a trestle ten feet high, with a flooring upon such trestle so open that the plaintiff fell through the same, thereby inflicting serious wounds and bruises. Using this trestle as a bridge, the railroad company, in my judgment, were required to exercise extraordinary care to prevent injuries. This was not done. The flooring was not only not close, but no lamps were lighted. They should respond in damages for such negligence. With these restrictions upon the application of the doctrine of extraordinary care, I concur in the opinion of Mr. Justice McGowan. Mr. Chief Justice McIver. Being unable to concur in — 173 — the opinion prepared by Mr. Justice McGowan, I will proceed, to state, very briefly, the grounds of my dissent. 3 In the first place, I think it was error to overrule the objection to so much of the testimony of the witness Bernard as tended to show negligence on the part of the defendant company at other times and places than the time and place where the disaster which was the subject of inquiry occurred. The issue which the jury were called upon to try, was whether the injury of which the plaintiff complained was caused by defendant’s negligence, and testimony as to the defendant’s negligence at other times and places was not only not pertinent to that issue, but was calculated to prejudice and mislead the jury. 4 My main ground of dissent, however, is as to the rule laid down by the Circuit Judge in regard to the degree of care required of a railroad company as a carrier of passengers in a case like this. It is quite true, that a railroad company is bound to exercise the highest degree of care in the transportation of a passenger after such transportation has commenced; but this rule is founded upon considerations of public policy, and the reason for it is that, as the agencies used for the purpose are of a dangerous character, which are under the control of the carrier and not the passenger, the carrier is held to the highest degree of care in transporting the passenger — the danger being much greater after the transportation has actually commenced than before, it is but reasonable that greater care should be required, so as to avoid, if possible, such increased dangers. Hence, a railroad company employing the powerful agency of steam for the movement of its cars, over a roadbed specially constructed for the purpose, at a high rate of speed, is held, and properly held, to the greatest skill, care and diligence in the construction and management of the various appliances used in the process of transportation of passengers, because of the great dauger to human life from any negligence in conducting such a hazardous mode of transportation. But when the reason for this extreme rule, wisely established for the protection of human life, is not present, then the rule — 174 — is aud ought to be relaxed, aud the same rule which is applied to other persons in like circumstances is applicable to railroad companies. Under that rule, while a person who invites or induces others, either expressly or impliedly, to enter upon his premises for the purpose of business, is bound to keep his premises, as well as the approaches thereto, in a reasonably safe condition, yet he is not held to the highest degree, but only to ordinary care, in the performance of such duty; and I am unable to see why a railroad company should be held to any more stringent rule. When, therefore, a person brings an action against a railroad company to recover damages for an injury sustainéd by some alleged defect in the approaches to its cars, the question is not whether the company has exercised the highest degree of care in making such approaches absolutely safe, but is simply, as in other like cases agaiust individuals or corporations, whether the railroad company has exercised ordinary care in providing reasonably safe approaches to its cars. Under this view, it seems to me that the question whether the plaiutiff had, through his agent, the hotel porter, actually obtained his ticket when the accident occurred, was wholly unimportant, for it is not pretended that the plaintiff had committed his person to the railroad compamy for transportation, when alone he would be subjected to the peculiar dangers incident to railroad transportation, aud when alone the duty of exercising the highest degree of care would commence. These views are fully supported by the authorities cited in appellant’s argument; and, as it seems to me, are the legitimate deduction from what was said by this court in Renneker v. South Carolina Railway Company, 20 S. C., at page 222. My conclusion, therefore, is, as at present advised, that the judgment of the Circuit Court should be reversed and a new trial granted. Judgment affirmed.