Holmes v. Pickett

The opinion of the Court was delivered by Mr. Chief Justice McIver. This action was originally commenced by the plaintiff against Eri H. Jackson, M. P. Pickett, Agnes Chapeau, Robert Graham, and Robert' C. Graham, for a partition of certain real estate in the city of Charleston, to wit: a lot on Meeting street, described in the complaint, upon the theory that the plaintiff, as trustee, held the legal'title to one undivided fourth part of said lot, the said Agnes Chapeau one other undivided fourth part, and the said Eri H. Jackson the remaining two fourth parts of the said lot. The complaint also claimed an account from the said Eri H. Jackson and the defendant, M. P. Pickett, who, it was alleged, were in possession of the lot, for the rents and profits thereof, as well as for waste committed by them on the said premises. The said Eri H. Jackson and the said Agnes Chapeau having died intestate, after the commencement of the action, their heirs at law have, by order of the Court, been substituted in their places as parties defendant. The facts out of which this-controversy arises have been so fully and clearly stated in the master’s report, which should be incorporated in the report of this case, that any restatement of them is unnecessary. The clause of the will of Ada Clay, under which the legal questions presented arise, reads as follows: “All the rest, residue, and remainder of my property, both real and personal, I give, devise and bequeath to Edwin R. White, of the city of Charleston, in trust for my friend, Robert Graham, he, the said Robert Graham, only to hold a life interest in same; to receive the rents, interests, dividends,, income emoluments, etc., during the term of his natural life, and after the death of the said Robert Graham, the property, with its accumulations, both real and personal, I give, devise and bequeath to his son, Robert C. Graham, to-him and his heirs, -executors, administrators' and assigns, forever, freed and forever discharged from all further trusts. Lastly, I nominate, constitute and appoint Edwin — 277 — R. White my sole executor, with full power and authority to sell all and singular my estate, both real and personal, at private or public sale, and to reinvest the proceeds as in his judgment he may think proper.” 1 Inasmuch as the property left by the testatrix at the time of her death consisted wholly of personalty, the first question which arises is, whether when the executor, in pursuance of the authority conferred upon him by the will, laid out seven hundred dollars of the personal property of the testatrix in the purchase of one undivided fourth part of the lot, of which partition is sought, the property so purchased thereby became realty, and subject to all the incidents belonging to that species of property, or whether, in the eye of the law, it still retained the character of personalty. It seems to us that both the master and the Circuit Judge, in considering this question, have ignored the distinction between equitable conversion and actual conversion, made by the authority of the testatrix. In 6 Am. and Eng. Ency. of Raw, 664, it is said: “Equitable conversion is the notional alteration of land into money, or money into land, in accordance with a direction to that effect of a testator or settler, and in pursuance of the equitable doctrine that what is agreed or imperatively directed to be done is already done, or as good as done.” So in 3 Pom. Eq. Jur., in sections 1159, et seq.¡ it is shown that the doctrine of equitable conversion grows out of and is dependent upon the fundamental principle that equity regards that as done which ought to be done. Hence arises the well settled rule, illustrated by the authorities cited in respondent’s brief, that in order to work such a conversion, there must be clear and imperative direction in the will, or other instrument under which the •question arises, that the property shall be converted. But this rule only applies '•'•while the property is yet actually unchanged in form.'1'1 See 3 Pom. Eq. Jur., sec. 1160, where the words just quoted are italicized by that distinguished author. For, as said in note 2 to that section, — 278 — upon tbe authority of a number of cases there cited: “Whenever trustees are clothed with a discretion and exercise it, and thus actually make a conversion, the property will in general pass in the nature and form to which they have converted it.” In a note to 6 Ency. of Law, on page 665, it is said, quoting from the opinion of Durfee, C. J., in King v. King, 13 R. I. Rep., 501, that, if the testator intended simply to give the executor power to convert, leaving it discretionary with the executor to convert it or not, the conversion will depend on the will or discretion of the executor or trustees, and will not be regarded as consummated in law till it is consummated in fact.” And again in the same note, on page 667 of the same volume, it is said, upon the authority of Van Vechten v. Keator, 63 N. Y., 52: “If the trustees, having been clothed with a discretion, have actually exercised it, the property has generally been held to be converted.” This distinction between equitable conversion and actual conversion, made under authority conferred by the will, is founded upon reason as-well as authority. For as equitable conversion grows out of, and is based upon, the maxim that equity regards that as done which ought to have been done, it necessarily follows that some plain and imperative duty must have been imposed upon the executor by the will, before the doctrine of equitable conversion can arise, for otherwise there would be nothing that ought to have been done. Hence, where there is mere discretion on the part of the executor to change the form of the property as his own judgment may dictate, there can be no conversion until it is actually made. But when the form of the property is, in fact, changed by the executor, in pursuance of the authority conferred upon him by the will, then the conversion is consummated by virtue of the will of the testator, and must, in law, be regarded as it is in fact, of the naturé of that into which it has been changed. There can be no doubt that a testator may, in his lifetime, make any change in the nature of his own property, either by his own act, or by that of a — 279 — duly authorized agent, and when the change is actually effected, the property would necessarily assume the nature and form of the property into which it was thus changed. Upon the same principle, we see no reason why a testator may not invest his executor with discretionary authority to change the form of his property from that of personalty into that of realty, or vice versa, and when such discretion has been exercised, the property will assume the form, in the eye of the law, and be subject to all the incidents belonging to the nature of the property into which it has been changed by the authority of the testator. In addition to this, it seems to us that the testatrix, by the language which she used in the clause of her will above quoted, manifestly indicated that she contemplated the very state of things which has occurred; for, in speaking of her property, she speaks of it three times as “both reed and personal;” she uses not only the words “give” and “bequeath,” but also the word “devise”- — -appropriate' to the disposition of realty and not appropriate to personalty; and she also uses the word “heirs,” as well as executors and administrators, in the limitation over to the remainderman, applicable to realty, and not to personalty; and when it is noticed that the power to change the form of her property is conferred, not upon the trustee, but upon the executor, the implication is strong that she expected and intended that her executor, in settling up her estate, before turning it over to the trustee, might, and probably would, find it necessary or expedient to change the form of her property; and as, under the authority conferred upon him, the executor might change a part, if not the whole, of her property, which was wholly personal at the time of her death — the time when the will must be regarded as speaking — -into realty; and hence, in disposing of the same, she used words applicable to both species — real and personal. We are, therefore,-of the opinion that the one undivided fourth part of the lot iu question, which was purchased by the executor with the funds of the testatrix, must be regarded in — 280 — law, as it is in fact, real estate, and subject to all the incidents belonging to that species of property. 2 The next inquiry is, whether the statute executed the use, and thereby the legal title, to the property in question passed to Robert Graham for life, and after his death to his son, Robert C. Graham, in fee. Upon this question we do not see how any doubt can be entertained. It is well settled that the true test as to whether the statute of uses applies, is to inquire whether the trustee has some duty to perform, for the proper performance of which it is necessary that the legal estate shall be in him. If so, the use is not executed; but if not, then the statute does apply and the use is executed. See McNish v. Guerard, 4 Strob. Eq., 66; Bristow v. McCall, 16 S. C., 545; Howard v. Henderson, 18 S. C., 184; Bowen v. Humphreys, 24 S. C., 452; Winters v. Timmons, 25 S. C., 488; Ayer v. Ritter, 29 S. C., 135. Our next inquiry, therefore, is whether, by the terms of the clause of the will above quoted, any duty was imposed upon the trustee, for the proper performance of which it was necessary that the legal estate should be in him. A careful consideration of the terms of that clause fails to disclose any such duty imposed upon the trustee. Indeed, we are unable to perceive that he was required to do anything whatever. He was not required to receive and pay over to the life tenant the rents and income of the property. On the contrary, by the express terms of the clause, the life tenant was himself empowered to receive such rents and income during the term of his. natural life. Nor was the trustee required to convey the property to the remainderman upon the termination of the life estate. Indeed, as we have said, we do not see that the trustee was required to do anything whatever. It follows necessarily that the statute executed the use, and the legal title passed to Robert Graham for life, and after his death to his son, Robert C. Graham, in fee; and as both of them were parties to the proceedings mentioned in the master’s report, under which Pickett and — 281 — Jackson bought the property in question, these purchasers acquired a good title. This being our conclusion, it is unnecessary to consider the other questions discussed in the arguments, as, under the view which we have adopted, they become purely speculative. The judgment of this Court is, that the judgment of the Circuit Court be reversed, and the complaint dismissed.