State v. Bouknight

The opinion of the Court was delivered by Mr. Chief Justice McIver. The indictment in this case contained three counts — the first charging the defendant with feloniously breaking and entering, on the 13th of March, 1898, in the night time, the weather house of one Eli Kinard, with intent the goods and chattels of Eli Kinard and Jake Kinard, in the said weather house then and there being found, to unlawfully steal, take' and carry away; second, charging the defendant with the simple larceny of certain goods and chattels of Eli Kinard and Jake Kinard; and the third count was in all respects similar to the first count, except that the defendant was charged with breaking and entering the said weather house in the day time. All of these counts concluded contra formam statuti et contra pacem. Before the jury was sworn, defendant moved that the solicitor be required to elect upon which of the two counts for house breaking (the first and the third) he would go to trial. This motion was granted by his Honor, Judge Ernest Gary, notwithstanding the statement made by the solicitor that both counts were based upon the same transaction, and were put in to meet the proof. The solicitor then elected to go to trial on the first count. Thereupon the Cir — 355 — cuit Judge asked counsel for defendant if there was a motion to quash the first count, upon the ground that there was no allegation therein that “the breaking and entering of which house would not constitute burglary,” to which defendant’s counsel replied that no such motion had been made, but he would then make the motion to quash the first count in the indictment. The motion to quash was granted, whereupon the solicitor gave notice of appeal, and further proceedings in the case were suspended pending such appeal. The solicitor bases his appeal upon-two exceptions: ist. That there was error on the part of the Circuit Judge in requiring him to elect upon which of the two counts — the first and third— he would go to trial. ' 2d. Because of error in quashing the first count in the indictment. 1 2 The indictment is confessedly framed under the Criminal Statutes, sec. 142 (2 Rev. Stat., 314), which reads as follows : “Every person who shall break and enter, or who shall break with intent to enter, in the day time, any dwelling house or other house, or who shall break and enter, or shall break with intent to enter, in the night time, any house, the breaking and entering of which would-not constitute burglary, with intent to- commit a felony, or other crime of a lesser grade, shall be held guilty of a felony, and punishable, at the discretion of the Court, by imprisonment in the county jail or penitentiary for a term not exceeding one year.” This section, which is but a reproduction in totidem verbis of the act of 1887, 19 Stat., 792, creates two distinct and different offenses, though both belong to the class of felonies, and are punishable in the same way. ist. It is made a felony to break and enter, or to break with intent to enter, in the day time, any house, whether it be a dwelling house or a house of any other character, -with intent to commit a felony, or other crime of a lesser grade. 2d. It is likewise made a felony to break and' enter, or to break with intent to enter, in the night time, any house, except a dwelling house or house within the curtilage of the dwelling house, or any house within 200 yards of the — 356 — dwelling house and appurtenant thereto. It is obvious that the second of these felonies is charged in the first count of the indictment, and that in the third count the first of these felonies is charged; for in the first count the charge is that the defendant broke and entered the house therein specified, in the night time, while the charge in the third count is that the defendant broke and entered the house therein specified in the day time. This being so, it is clear that there was no error on the part of the Circuit Judge in requiring the solicitor to elect upon which of these two counts he would go to trial; for although the two offenses charged belonged to the same class, and subjected the offender to the same punishment, yet the allegation is that these two offenses were committed at different times — one in the day time and the other in the night time. Besides, the power of the Circuit Judge to require the solicitor to elect, is a power to be exercised at his discretion, 10 Ency. Pl. & Prac., 546-8, also p. 551. State v. Nelson, 14 Rich., at p. 152; State v. Scott, 15 S. C., 435. Now as it is very certain that there was no abuse of discretion in this case, and, on the contrary, that his discretion was properly exercised, the first ground upon which the solicitor imputes error to the Circuit Judge cannot be sustained. 3 The next question is whether there was error in granting the motion to quash the first count in the indictment. While this Court has held in the case of The State v. Burbage, 51 S. C., 284, that an order refusing a motion to quash is not appealable until after final judgment, especially where the points raised by the motion to quash may, after final judgment, be raised by a motion in arrest of judgment; yet the reasons there stated for such ruling do not apply to a case where the motion to quash the indictment has been granted; and as an order quashing an indictment puts an end to further proceedings under such indictment, and may, in some cases, as for example, in cases where the statute of limitations may be applied, put a final end to the prosecution, the ruling in the case last cited cannot be ap — 357 — plied to an appeal from 'an order granting a motion to- quash an indictment, for the reason that no other opportunity may be afforded of reviewing the action of the Circuit Judge in granting the. motion. It follows, therefore, that the order appealed from is appealable. See State v. Young, 30 S. C., 399- 4 The inquiry, therefore, is whether there was error in quashing the first count in the indictment. The motion was granted upon the ground that this count did not contain the following words, found in the statute: “the breaking and entering of which would not constitute burglary,” following immediately after the words: “any house,” in that clause of the statute creating the second felony above spoken of. So that the question is whether those words are necessary to an indictment for such felony. Those words do not describe any necessary ingredient in the offense charged, but are intended simply to express an exception to the general terms, “any house,” immediately preceding; and the language evidently means that the breaking or entering, in the night time, of any house, except a house the breaking and entering of which, in the night time, would constitute the offense of burglary, provided for in sections 141 and 143 of the Crim. Stat., should be a felony. The essential elements of the second felony created by sec. 142, are: 1st. The breaking- and entering, or the breaking with intent to enter, in the night time, of any house, except one the breaking and entering of which, in the night time, would constitute the offense of burglary, provided for by sections 141 and 143. 2d. The intent to commit a felony or other crime of lesser grade. So that the practical inquiry in this case” is whether the failure to allege that the house charged to- have been broken and entered did not fall within the exception mentioned in the statute, is fatal; or, to state it more concisely, whether it was necessary to negative the exceptions mentioned in the statute. In 10 Ency. of PI. & Prac., 495, we find the following as to exceptions and provisos in statutes creating criminal offenses: “The rule usually announced is — 358 — that exceptions and provisos in the enacting clause of the statute must be negatived, and such as are not in the enacting clause need not be negatived, the latter being merely matters of defense. But while it is undoubtedly true that exceptions which are not in the enacting clause of a statute, as descriptive of the offense, need not be negatived, and those which are in the enacting clause, as descriptive of the offense, must be negatived, the more accurate rule, déducible from the authorities, is that only such exceptions and provisos need be negatived as are descriptive of the offense, without reference to the position of the exception or proviso.” This statement of the rule is not only supported by a number of cases cited in the notes, but, as it seems to us, is better supported by reason and common sense; and is in accordance with the spirit of the act of 1887, 19 Stat., 829, passed for the purpose of doing away with purely technical objections to indictments. If, therefore, the language of the exception, found in any part of the statute, must be regarded as descriptive of the offense created by such statute, then such exception must be negatived; but if it cannot properly be so- regarded, then it becomes a matter of defense, and need not be negatived. Now, as we have seen, the language of the exception constitutes no part of the description of the offense intended to be created, and hence need not be negatived. But if we are in error in this view, it does not follow that the omission of the words, “the breaking and entering of which would not constitute burglary,” from the first count of the indictment, was necessarily fatal to that count. For even if the exception mentioned in the statute is not, in express terms, negatived, yet if the allegations found in the indictment necessarily imply such a negation, that will be sufficient. For, as is said in 10 Am. & Eng. Enc. of Law, at page 581, upon the authority of State v. Price, 12 Gill & J. (Md.), 260, also reported in 37 Am. Dec., 81, “the rule that the indictment must negative exceptions in statutes, does not apply in a case where the charge is (?) (evidently a misprint for "as”) preferred ex natura rei, conclusively imports a negative of the — 359 — exceptions” — which case is cited with approval in 10 Ency. of Pl. & Prac., at page 496. See, also, to same effect, State v. Reynolds, 2 N. & McC., 365, which was an indictment under the act of 1816, prohibiting any person or persons from playing at any game with cards, &c., except whist and other specified games, when there is no betting on said games, where Nott, J., in delivering the opinion of the Court, uses this language: “The indictment ought, therefore, to have stated that the persons SO' playing were betting on the game, or it should have negatived the exceptions, or in some other manner set out the facts, so that it might appear that the defendant had committed some one of the offenses prohibited by the act” (italics ours). Now in this, case the allegation in the first count of the indictment is that the defendant feloniously broke and entered “the weather house” of one Eli Kinard, which conclusively shows that the house which the defendant is charged with having broken and entered was not a house “the breaking and entering of which would not constitute burglary.” The test of this is that if defendant had been charged with burglary under an indictment containing language precisely like that found in the first count of the indictment now before us, he could not possibly have been legally convicted. Why ? because the house was not such a house as that burglary could have been committed therein. It seems to us, therefore, that the exception in the statute was as completely negatived as if the most express terms of negation had been used. The judgment of this Court is, that the order requiring the solicitor to elect upon which count he would go to trial be affirmed, but that the order quashing the first count in the indictment be reversed, and the case remanded for trial.