Padgett v. Seaboard Air Line Ry.

The opinion of the Court was delivered by Mr. Justice Fraser. Lewis H. Padgett was an engineer on the Seaboard Air Line Railway. He had been running a freight train, but in the first part of January, 1913, he was promoted to the passenger service, and was given a run between Columbia, S. C., and Savannah, Ga., and so was engaged in interstate cona [371] merce. When the train reached Columbia, the engine was detached and carried to the yard at Cayce, a station near Columbia. The engineer ran his engine into the yard near the roundhouse and left it upon a siding in the j^ard. Pie left his engine aboút 10:30 p. m., on the 11th day of January, 1913. Mr. Padgett’s regular run would have required him to leave Columbia at 6:10 a. m. on the morning of the 12th. He was detained in the yard for a while so that he might take out another train, if necessary. It was not necessary and he was notified that he would make his regular run. The company had built a small boarding house at Cayce for the convenience of its trainmen, but let out the management of the house to a private1 party. When Mr. Padgett was notified that he would be required to make his regular run" he went to the boarding house and found it full. Pie then went back on the yard, into the roundhouse and into an engine and went to sleep. At about 4:30 o’clock on the morning of the 12th' the engine in which Mr. Padgett was [372] asleep was run out of the roundhouse down to the coal chute, to be supplied with coal, water, etc., for its trip. At the coal chute Mr. Padgett waked and got off the engine. He inquired where his engine was and was told it was in the roundhouse on track No. 3. The last seen of Mr. Padgett alive, he was going in the direction of the roundhouse. When it came time to call him he could not be found, and •the engine went off without him. A little later he was found in an open, uncovered pit in the roundhouse dead. His engine had been standing with the step over the pit. The pit was a little over eight feet deep. There were no lights in the roundhouse. Suit was brought in the behalf of his widow and dependent children for negligence under the Federal Employers’ Liability Act. The defendant answered denying negligence. It denied that the deceased was engaged in interstate commerce at the time of his death. It pleaded that the deceased was a trespasser in the roundhouse, contributory negligence [373] and assumption of risk. The judgment was for the plaintiff, and the defendant appealed on numerous exceptions, but argues three propositions. 1, 2 “Padgett did not come to his death while employed in interstate commerce.” The defendant claimed that the rules required the engineer to leave his engine in the yard, that he was then to go into the machinery room and “write off” and leave a memorandum as to repairs. That he had no duty that called him into the roundhouse. That a “hostler” then took charge of the engine, and if any repairs were to be made the hostler took it into the roundhouse where the machinists made the repairs and the hostler went to the roundhouse for the engine, took it out and carried it off for coal, water, etc., and put it back on the sidetrack. That the engineer then inspected it and if it was found to be in proper condition he took charge of it and went out on his run. That Mr. Padgett ended his service at 10:30 o’clock on the night of the 11th, and was not required to go to work until about 5 :30 on the morning of the 12th, and he was killed between those h^urs, hence he was not engaged in the service of the rail;way when killed. The defendant asked for a direction of verdict on the ground that there was no evidence that the 'deceased was engaged in interstate commerce at the time of his death. This was refused. The exact question is, for what purpose did Padgett go into the roundhouse? If he went there for any purpose of his own, or there is an utter failure of evidence to prove any circumstances from which his purpose can be inferred, then the verdict ought to have been directed. There was evidence to show that when the engine came into the yard that night, it had a hot box and needed repair. That the rule required the engineer to inspect his engine only about a half hour before the leaving time. There was no intimation that he was forbidden to inspect it before. There was evidence that if the inspection was made at the required [374] hour and it Was found that the repairs had not been made or improperly made, then the engine would have to be returned to the roundhouse to have the repairs properly made. That the repairs would take time and the time necessary would have to be taken even if it delayed the departure of his train. The evidence is circumstantial, but conclusions may be drawn from circumstances. On the trial appellant took the position that the purpose must be inferred from the circumstances. The plaintiff offered to prove Mr. Padgett’s declaration, but, on appellant’s motion, the statements were'ruled out, because his Honor said the purpose must be inferred from circumstances. In this ruling the appellant acquiesced, and of it there is no complaint. So the question is, are there circumstances from which his purpose can be inferred? It is not altogether fair to try a case on one theory and dismiss it on another. Mr. Padgett had recently been promoted to a passenger run. Repairs had to be made. Pie was already awake and dressed a few minutes before he was to be called. He was on the yard with his personal preparations made. He asked where his engine was placed and was told by tl\e hostler in charge that it was on track No. 3 in the round-; house, and started in that direction. Of course, he had the right, under the rules, to loaf around until the exact minute that the rule required him to take his engine, and if error had occurred in the mechanical department, he had the right to send his engine back and delay the train and say to his superiors, the rule does not require any more and I am not going to do any more than the strict rule requires. Would a faithful servant be likely to do that? That was question for the jury. Would a man recently promoted stand upon the strict letter of the rule? That was a question for the jury. There is a suggestion that Mr. Padgett went to his engine to sleep.' The time at his disposal was short. He did not leave in the office a note as to where he could be found. He went to sleep on an engine that left earlier than [375] he was required to be called. He was found and waked early. The saying, “the engines belong to the company, but the runs belong to the men,” is much relied upon to show that engines might be changed. The statement, however, is made that while a change could bé made, yet the general practice was to allow the use of the same engine. The jury were told of the time that would elapse between the time Mr. Padgett was waked and the time of his regular call. Was it probable that he could use that time in sleep or in inspecting the engine to see that there was no unnecessary delay in doing his work? These were questions for the jury. If they inferred from the circumstances that Mr. Padgett was doing the work that was required of him, not at the time it was required, but at a time when it was not forbidden, then they could conclude that he was engaged in interstate commerce, and under the protection of the Federal statute his Honor could not have directed a verdict on the ground that there was no evidence from which it could be inferred that Mr. Padgett was engaged at the time of his death in interstate commerce. 3 “No evidence tending to show negligence on the part of the defendant proximately causing the death of plaintiff’s intestate.” There was an open pit over eight feet deep in the unlighted roundhouse. The step of this engine was over the open pit. “Hostlers” and their helpers were required to go in and get .on this engine over the pit. The only lights available were torches. Mr. Padgett’s unlighted torch was in his engine. . Was this negligence ? It was a question for the jury. 4 Did Mr. Padgett assume the risk? In Seaboard Air Line Railway v. Horton, 233 U. S. 492, 34 Sup. Ct. 635, that Court says: “Such dangers as are normally and necessary incident to the occupation are presumably taken into account in fix [376] ing the rate of wages, and a 'workman of mature years is taken to assume risks of this sort, whether he is actually aware of them or not. But risk of another sort not naturally incident to the occupation, may arise out of the failure of the employer to exercise due care with respect to providing a safe place of work and suitable and safe appliances for the work. These the employee is not treated as assuming until he becomes aware of the defect or disrepair and of the risk arising from it, unless defect and risk alike are so obvious that an ordinarily prudent person under the circumstances would have observed and appreciated them.” Mr. Padgett’s fun brought him into Cayce at night and he left earl}'- in the morning. His usual duties did not require him to go, and there is no reasonable inference from the testimony that he knew of the open pit or of the danger of open pits in roundhouses where some men were required to go and others might have occasion to go. 5 6 7 Appellant further says that the charge was inconsistent in that the plaintiff’s 6th and 11th requests to charge were inconsistent with the defendant’s 8% and his Honor charged the three. The rule that a Judge shall not charge inconsistent propositions is a good one, but that it is always reversible error, is not true. It must appear that the jury may have been misled to appellant’s injury. The 6th and 11th requests of the plaintiff were based upon a finding of negligence by the jury. When his Honor changed appellant’s request numbered 8y2, he left it to the jury to say whether Mr. Padgett knew or ought to have known of the open pit. There was no word of testimony to show that Mr. Padgett knew or ought to have known of the open pit. If his Honor erred, it was in favor of the appellant, and it can not complain of an error favorable to itself. Judgment affirmed. MR. Justice Watts concurs in the opinion of the Court. [377] Mr. Chief Justice Gary concurs in the result. Messrs. Justices Hydrick and Gage dissent. Footnotes [1] Footnote. — This case being carried on writ of error to the United States Supreme Court, the decision of the State Court was affirmed, see 236, U. S. 638, 35 Sup. Ct. Rep. 481, as follows: SEABOARD AIR LINE RAILWAY, PLAINTIFF IN ERROR, v. CLARA Y. PADGETT, ADMINISTRATRIX OF THE ESTATE OF LEWIS H. PADGETT, DECEASED. 1. Error to the State Court — Scope op Review' — Nonpederal Questions. — The Federal Supreme Court, when reviewing a judgment of a State Court in an action in which the right to recover was based upon the Federal Employers’ Liability Act of April 22, 1908 (35 Stat. at L. 65, chap. 149, Comp. Stat. 1913, sec. 8657), cannot consider merely incidental questions not in Federal character, i. e., those which do not in their essence involve the existence of the right in the plaintiff to recover under the Federal statute to which his recourse by the pleadings was exclusively confined, or the converse, the right of the defendant to be shielded from responsibility under that statute, because, when properly applied, no liability on his part from the statute would result. 2. Error to State Court — Frivolous Federal Question. — The contention in a suit in a 'State Court based upon the Federal Employers’ Liability Act of April 22, 1908 (35 Stat. at L. 65, chap. 149, Comp. [366] Stat. 1913, sec. 8657), that the jury was misled concerning the doctrine of assumption of risk by two statements by the Court, which, standing alone, may be confusing, may have sufficient strength to serve as. the basis of a writ of error from the Federal Supreme Court, although that Court may agree with the State Court in thinking that the statements in question could not have produced a. mistaken conception in the minds of the jury, when considered with the express instructions concerning- the doctrine of assumption of risk as applied to the case at bar. 3. Trial — Misleading Instructions. — Whether instructions could have produced misconception in the minds of the jury is not to be ascertained by merely considering- isolated statements, but by taking- into view all the instructions given, and the tendencies of the proof in the case to which they could possibly be applied. 4. Error to State Court — Frivolous Federal Question. — The Federal question presented by the contention that error was committed by the State trial Court in not taking from the jury a case based upon the Federal Employers’ Liability Act of April 22, 1908 (35 Stat. at L. 65, chap. 149, Comp. Stat. 1913, sec. 8657), and in not instructing the jury to render a verdict for the defendant, upon the assumption that there was no evidence sufficient to justify the submission [367] of the ease to the jury for its consideration, manifestly cannot bo said to be so frivolous as not to serve as the basis of a writ of error from the Federal Supreme Court, where the highest State Court was divided on the question, and some members of the Federal Supreme Court consider that the proposition affords adequate ground for reversal. (Argued February 24, 1915. Decided March 22, 1915.) In error to the Supreme Court of the State of South Carolina to review a judgment which affirmed a judgment of the Court of Common Pleas for Lexington county, in that State, in favor of plaintiff in an action based on the Federal Employers’ Liability Act. Affirmed. See same case as below, 99 S. C. 364, 83 S. E. 633, supra. Mr. J. B. S. Lyles for plaintiff in error. Messrs. W. Boyd Evans, James H. Fanning, W. H. Sharpe, and A. D. Martin for defendant in error. Mu. Chief Justice White delivered the opinion of tne Court: Is there jurisdiction to review the action of the Court below in affirming the judgment of the trial Court, which was entered on the verdict of a jury, and if so, was error below committed, are ihe questions for decision (99 S. C. 364, 83 S. E. 633). [368] The suit was brought to recover damages alleged to have been suffered by the death of Lewis H. Padgett, a railroad engineer in the service of the defendant company, the plaintiff in error, caused by his having fallen during the early morning hours into a drop pit in a locomotive roundhouse belonging to the company. The negligence charged was not only the failure to cover the pit, but also to properly light the roundhouse. If our jurisdiction attaches, it can only be because the right to recover was based upon the act of Congress commonly known as the Employers’ Liability Act, it having been averred that the deceased was an employee oi the company, actually engaged in interstate commerce. But, as pointed out in St. Louis, I. M. & S. R. Co. v. McWhirter, 229 U. S. 265, 275, 57 L. Ed. 1179, 1185, 33 Sup. Ct. Rep. 858, although the cause of action relied upon was based upon the Federal statute, nevertheless, “as it comes here from a State Court, our power to review is controlled by Rev. Stat., sec 709 [sec. 237, Judicial Code (36 Stat. at L. 1156, chap. 231, Comp. Stat. 1913, sec. 1214)], and we may therefore not consider merely incidental questions not Federal in character; that is, which do not in their essence involve the existence of the right in the plaintiff to recover under the Federal statute to which his recourse by the pleadings was exclusively confined, or the converse; that is to say, the right of the defendant to be shielded from responsibility under that statute, because, when properly applied, no liability on his part from the [369] statute would result. Seaboard Air Line R. Co. v. Duvall, 225 U. S. 477, 56 L. Ed. 1171, 32 Sup. Ct. Rep. 790; St. Louis, I. M. & S. R. Co. v. Taylor, 210 U. S. 281, 52 L. Ed. 1061, 28 Sup. Ct. Rep. 616, 21 Am. Neg. Rep. 464.” The existence of jurisdiction to review under the principles just stated depends not merely upon form, but upon substance; that is, in this class of cases, as in others, the general rule controls that power to review cannot arise from the mere assertion of a formal right when such asserted right is so wanting in foundation and unsubstantial as to be devoid of all merit and frivolous. There is no doubt that the assignments of error on their face embrace Federal questions which give jurisdiction to review. We, therefore, exercise jurisdiction and come to consider the questions on their merits, incidentally pointing out in doing so the reasons why the questions are not of such a frivolous character as not to afford a basis for the authority to examine and dispose of them. The trial Court gave to the jury -every instruction concerning the meaning and application of the act of Congress asked by the company, and, therefore, there is no ground whatever for saying that the view of the statute relied upon by the company was not given to the jury. But, despite this fact, two of the nine assignments of error insist that the jury was misled concerning the doctrine of assumption of the risk applicable under the statute because of two statements as [370] to the law on the subject, made by the Court to the jury over the exception of the defendant, which are asserted to have been confusing because possibly conflicting with each other. But while the proposition has sufficient strength to exclude the conception that the contention is frivolous, we are nevertheless of opinion that the Court below was right in holding that even upon the concession, for argument’s sake, that the two charges referred to, if they had stood alqne, might have tended to give to the jury a mistaken conception of the law of assumption of the risk, nevertheless there was no reason for saying that they could have produced such a result in view of the express instruction concerning the doctrine of assumption of the risk as applied to the case in hand which was given by the Court to the jury in the very words asked by the company, and which was so explicit as to dispel the -possibility of misconception. Whether the instructions could have produced misconception in the minds of the jury is not to be ascertained by merely considering isolated' statements, but by taking into view all the instructions given and the tendencies of the proof in the case to which they could possibly be applied. And as from both of these points of view we are of the opinion that there is no room whatever for the conclusion that any confusion or misconception as to the doctrine of assumption of the risk could have arisen from the particular statements which are relied upon, the proposition based upon them is without merit. [371] While this disposes of the two assignments which are directly and specifically concerned with the interpretation of the statute, nevertheless the remaining seven also raise questions of law under the statute, since they all, in one form or another, rest upon the contention .that error was committed by the trial Court in not taking the case from the jury and instructing a verdict for the defendant upon the assumption that there was no evidence sufficient to justify the submission of the case to the jury for its consideration. Creswill v. Grand Lodge, K. P., 225 U. S. 246, 261, 56 L. Ed. 1074, 1080, 32 Sup. Ct. Rep. 822; Southern P. Co. v. Schuyler, 227 U. S. 601, 611, 57 L. Ed. 662, 669, 43 L. R. A. (N. S.) 901, 33 Sup. Ct. Rep. 277; St. Louis, I. M. & S. R. Co. v. McWhirter, 229 U. S. 276, 277, 57 L. Ed. 1186, 33 Sup. Ct. Rep. 858; Miedreich v. Lauenstein, 232 U. S. 236, 243, 244, 58 L. Ed. 584, 589, 590, 34 Sup. Ct. Rep. 309; Carlson v. Washington, 234 U. S. 103, 106, 58 L. Ed. 1237, 1238, 34 Sup. Ct. Rep. 717. Considering the case from this point of view we think the contention cannot be said to be frivolous, since its solution is by no means free from difficulty, — a situation which was manifested by the division of opinion which rose on the subject in the Court below, and by the further fact that some members of this Court now consider the proposition as affording adequate ground for reversal. But although the question is not free from complexity, a majority of the Court is of opinion that the proof was sufficient to justify the submission of the case to the jury, and therefore the proposition affords no basis for [372] holding- that reversible error was committed because that course was pursued. As the considerations by which this conclusion is sustained depend solely upon an analysis of the evidence, and as-a statement upon the subject, therefore, would amount only to giving a summary of the proof in this case and its tendencies involving no matter of doctrinal importance, for this reason and additionally in view of the fact that both Courts below have concurred in holding that there was no sufficient ground to take the case from the jury, we think it is unnecessary to state the proof and its tendencies, and we therefore content ourselves with saying that the contention that error was committed in not taking the case from the jury is found, after an' examination of the record, to be without merit. In the argument a contention was urged based upon some expression made use of by the trial Court in refusing the request to take the case from the jury. Although we have considered the proposition and find it totally devoid of merit, we do not stop to further state the contention or the reasons which control us concerning it as we think it is manifestly an afterthought, as it was virtually not raised in the trial Court, and was not included in the assignments of error -made for the purpose of review by the Court below, nor in those wade in this Court on the suing out of the writing of error. ' A firmed.