In re State Census

The opinion of the judges of the supreme court on the necessity for legislative action under Const, art. 3, § 5, was requested by the governor, and the following response was made: Supreme Court Chambers, Pierre, February 18, 1895. To His Excellency, Charles H. Sheldon, Governor of the State of South Dakota: Sir: We have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of your communication of February 15, 1895, which reads as follows: “Executive Chamber, February 15, 1895. “To the Honorable Judges of the Supreme Court: “Gentlemen: The house of representatives of the legislature of this state now in session has this day presented to me the following preamble and resolution: “ ‘Whereas, section 5 of article 3 of the constitution requires the legislature to provide by law for the enumeration of the inhabitants of the state in the year 1895; and, whereas, [541] many members of this body believe that such provision is not imperatively necessarily: Therefore, be it resolved that the governor of this state is hereby requested to procure an opinion from the supreme court as to the imperativeness of said section and deliver the same to this body at the earliest day possible.’ ■ — “In obedience to which I have the honor to respectfully request your opinion touching the question therein presented, that it may be communicated to the body from which the resolution came. Very respectfully, “C. H. Sheldon, “Governor of South Dakota.” In answer thereto we most respectfully submit the following reply. Section 13, art. 5, of the state constution, requiring the judges of the supreme court to give their opinion to the executive, seems to be limited in its scope to the executive department; and on February 23, 1893 in a communication to your excellency, we declined to express any opinion upon the matter then pending before the legislature, and gave our reasons therefor at length. In re Construction of Constitution (S. D.) 54 N. W. 651. The question then presented was one that might involve-property rights, and we deemed it improper to express an opinion in advance upon the effect of the legislation then pending. But the ■ question now presented by the house of representatives seems to involve no property rights or rights of individuals, and, while we entertain some doubt as to our duty in the premises, we have concluded to briefly express our views upon the question presented. The section of the constitution referred to by the house of representatives in the resolution you transmit to us reads as follows: “The legislature shall provide by law for the enumeration of the inhabitants of the state in the year one thousand eight hundred and ninety-five and every ten years thereafter, and at its first regular session after each enumeration, and also after each enumeration-.made by authority of the United States, but ut no other time, the leg [542] islature shall apportion the senators and representatives according to the number of inhabitants, excluding Indians not taxed and soldiers and officers of the United States army and navy; provided that the legislature may make an apportionment at its first session after the admission of South Dakota as a state. There appear to be three classes of provisions in the constitution. The first class embraces constitutional provisions negative and prohibitory in their character, and are self-executing. All the laws, therefore, in force when the constitution was adopted, in conflict with these provisions, were necessarily abrogated, and laws subsequently enacted in conflict therewith would necessarily be void, in so far as they conflict with such provisions. The second class embraces such constitutional provisions as require certain provisions to be had in order to render valid the enactment of laws or the accomplishment of the purposes of the legislature. These provisions must be substantially complied with, or the laws enacted or proceedings taken may be invalid. The third class embraces provisions requiring the legislature to enact certain laws, -but prescribes no penalty for a failure to perform the duty. These provisions may be in their nature mandatory, but there is no authority vested in any department of the government to enforce the command. The section under consideration comes within the latter class. The provisions of this section are in their nature mandatory to the legislature to enact the specified legislation. But under our system of government there is no power to com: pel the legislative department to enact laws. Constitutions may restrict legislative powers, and declare what laws shall not be valid; but from the very nature of legislative power, its exercise in a particular case must depend upon the volition of the legislature. Responsibility to their constituents and a sense of public duty are the only incentives that can prompt legislative action under this class of constitutional provisions. It will, therefore, be readily perceived that a categorical answer to the question propounded cannot with safety be given. ' We may [543] say, however, that if the legislature should fail at this session to enact any law as required by the section of the constitution under consideration, the present apportionment law would undoubtedly remain in force, and subsequent legislation would be valid. This seems to have been the view of the supreme court of Colorado, and in speaking of the failure of the legislature to enact an apportionment law at its first session after an enumeration of the inhabitants of that state, under a constitutional provision quite similar to the .provision in' our constitution, that learned court says: “The bill having been vetoed by the governor, and the legislative assembly having failed to pass it notwithstanding the veto, the existing legislation upon the subject matter of the bill remains undisturbed and in force.” In re Veto Power —Special Session of General Assembly, 9 Colo. 642, 21 Pac. 477. These views will undoubtedly enable the legislature to properly and intelligently discharge its duty upon this subject, and adopt such .course as in its judgment may seem to be for the best interests of the state. Your most obedient servants. Dighton Corson, Alphonso G. Kellam, Howard G. Puller, Judges of the Supreme Court of the State of South Dakota.