Chaplin v. Mutual Cash Guaranty Fire Ins.

CORSON, J. This is an appeal by the defendant from a judgment entered in favor of the plaintiffs, and from the order-denying a new trial. The action was instituted originally by D. E. Chaplin as sole plaintiff against the defendant upon a policy of insurance bearing date of March 12, 1907, to secure the payment of the sum of $1,000 in case of the loss by ñre of plaintiff’s flour mill property situated in the town of-Hitchcock, Beadle county, in this state. Attached to the policy of insurance above described is the statement that: “Loss, if any, payable to A. J. Glidden, as his interests may appear.” And it is alleged that the premises were destroyed by fire on January 2, 1908. The original complaint being demurred to and the demurrer sustained, an amended complaint was filed, in which the other defendant, A. J. Glidden, was named in connection with D. E. Chaplin as plaintiff, and annexed to the complaint and made a part thereof is a copy of the policy on which — 635 — the action is based. The defendant, for answer to the plaintiff’s complaint, denies said complaint and each and every allegation therein contained except such as are thereinafter expressly admitted. The defendant admits that it is a corporation, and that the defendant issued to plaintiff Chaplin on or about the 12th day of March, 1907, a policy of insurance -of .which Exhibit A, attached to the complaint, is a copy, admits that the loss, if any, under said policy was made payable to the plaintiff A. J. Glidden as his interests might appear. The defendant, for further answer, alleges that by the express terms of said policy no concurrent insurance was permitted on said insured building, and that no other insurance was thereby permitted on said building, and that at and before the issuance of said policy the plaintiff stated and represented to the defendant that there was no other insurance on said building and that in and by said policy of insurance it was expressly provided and agreed that said policy should be void if the said plaintiff D. E. Chaplin then had or should thereafter obtain any other insurance on said property without the assent of said -defendant company. Defendant further alleges that said plaintiff D. E. Chaplin, without the knowledge and -without the assent of the defendant, did procure other insurance on' said building, to-wit, a policy for $1,000 in the Merchants’ Mutual Insurance Association of Redfiefd, S. D., bearing date of May 20, 1907, and which was in force at the time of the alleged loss of said insured property by fire, and that this defendant had no notice or knowledge thereof until long after said fire, by reason whereof said policy became and is void, and this defendant duly rescinded, and does now rescind, the same, and is entitled to have the same delivered up and canceled. There were other matters set up as a defense; but, in the view we take of the case,' it will not be necessary to set them out in this opinion. It is disclosed by the record that the policy in this action was issued by one B. Peterson, acting as agent of the defendant company, bearing date of March 12, 1907; that on May 20, 1907, a policy for $1,000 on the same property was issued by the Merchants’ Mutual Insurance Association of Redfie-ld, S. D., by one — 636 — F. B. Gray, acting as the agent for the Redfield Company. It is also disclosed by the record that said Gray during the year 1906 was the agent of the defendant. But whether or not Gray was still the agent of the defendant, at the time he issued the Redfield policy constitutes one of the material issues in this case, and the only evidence tending to prove his authority to so act for, the defendant was the testimony of said Gray, hereinafter referred 'to. There was no evidence proving, or tending toi prove, that the defendant had any notice or knowledge of the execution of the policy by the Redfield Company through the agency of Graj', other than that imputed to it of the knowledge possessed by Gray and by notice claimed to have been given by Gray to the secretary of the company some two or three months after the issuance of the Redfield policy in a conversation between him and the secretary of the defendant while traveling together on a train between Sioux Falls and Salem. It is provided in the policy in this action, in compliance with the prescribed, standard form, as follows: “Any person who solicits insurance or issues policies of insurance, or procures applications therefor, shall be held to be, and considered, the general agent of the insurer issuing the policy or making a renewal thereof, except as to proof of loss and adjustment thereof, and neither the application of the insured nor the by-laws of the company shall be considered as a warranty or a part of the contract of insurance.” And also: “It shall be the duty of the insurer, in order to avail himself of any provision in this policy rendering it void, to promptly cancel the policy as provided herein upon having or obtaining notice or knowledge of the existence of any facts or circumstances which would, according to the terms of this policy, render it void; otherwise it will be deemed to have waived such provision or provisions voiding the policy. Provided, that, if the grounds for cancellation under the last clause shall be distinctly specified in the written notice, such cancellation may be effected upon twenty-four hours’ notice to the insured; and actual notice to, or the knowledge of, any agent of the company as above mentioned shall be deemed notice to, and knowledge of, the company.” — 637 — Numerous-'errors are assigned'by the’appellant;' but, in'the' view we také of the case,-it will only' be necessary in this'opinión' to consider the following questions presented by the record:' (1) Was the evidence of Gray as to his agency admissible as against.the objections made by the counsel for the defendant? (2) Was the evidence offered and' received on the part of the plaintiff as to the value of the premises' insured, competent or admissible under the pleadings in this action? Mr. Gray was called as a witness for the plaintiff, and testified as follows: “During the months of March, April, and May, 1907, I was writing fire insurance for four different companies.” Among the companies named were the Merchants’ Mutual of Redfield and the defendant company. He was then asked the following question: “Q. Mr. Gray, when did you commence to write insurance for ■the defendant company?” This question was objected to and objection overruled and exception taken. “A. I wrote quite a little insurance on the commission basis before I hired out to the company on a salary. I commenced working for them on a salary May 11, 1906, I think.'' * * * Q. You were what is known as the agent of the’ company?” This question was objected to as leading and calling for a conclusion of the witness, and riot the best evidence, that it is not shown that the witness solicited the application for the policy in question, and the fact that he solicited the other policy would not be’ binding on this defendant company as to the -policy in suit, and that it was at a date prior to- the issuance of the policy by the Re’dfield Company. Objection overruled and defendant excepted. “A. I was. Q'. And it was your business to solicit fire insurance for the defendant company from various -people from time to time, 'was it not?” ' Same objection and exception. “A. It was. Q. When did your term- as agent for the defendant company terminate? A. ' I -don’t know just the date, but I think the last’ I wrote for 'them was some time in October, 1906. Q: Mr. Gray, you were working on a commission ■basis for this company? A. After 1906. Q. Mr. Gray,' ón the •date of the issuance of this policy by the Merchants’ Mutual Insurance Association of Redfield, S." D./’were yoü 'soliciting insur — 638 — anee for the Mutual Cash Guaranty Fire Insurance Company, and authorized to do business for them, and by them?” This question was objected to as calling for a conclusion of the witness, the witness should state facts and not his own opinion. Objection overruled.. Exception taken. “A. I was.” It is contended by the appellant that the court erred in admitting the evidence of Gray as to his agency, and we are inclined to the opinion that the appellant is right in its contention. It will, be observed the witness stated no facts as to any authority conferred upon him by the defendant to act as its agent at the time the Redfield policy was issued, and his answer to the questions was simply an expression of his conclusion or opinion upon a material question upon which the jury was to pass, viz., Was Gray the agent of the defendant at the time the policy of the Red-field Company was issued to the plaintiff, Chaplin, for the additional insurance? It will be further noticed that Gray had testified in answer to the question, “When did your term as agent for the defendant company terminate? A. I don’t know just the date, but I think -the last I wrote for them was some time in October, 1906.” As a general rule, it is not proper to allow a witness who is not an expert to express an opinion in any case upon a question with relation to whi'ch all the facts may be placed before a jury, and received as evidence, the opinion of a lay witness upon the precise issue submitted for trial in which case would permit the witness to usurp the province of the court or jury in trying the case. American Telephone & Telegraph Co. v. Green, 164 Ind. 349, 73 N. E. 707; McCornick v. Mining & Milling Co., 23 Utah, 71, 62 Pac. 820; State v. Williams, 67 N. C. 12; Ferguson v. Hubbell, 97 N. Y. 507, 49 Am. Rep. 544; State v. Harris, 51 La. Ann. 1105, 26 South. 64; Clark & Skyles on Law of Agency (1st Ed.) p. 170. See 10 Ency. of Evidence, 27-28, and cases cited. In American Telephone & Telegraph Co. v. Green, supra, the learned Supreme Court of Indiana, in discussing a similar question, says: “The facts exhibiting what authority appellant expressly conferred upon Tice, and whether it authorized him to make the agreement in suit, could have been fully placed before — 639 — the jury. If the authority was in writing, tire writing itself was the best evidence; if it was oral, the witness could have stated the instructions and directions that were given to him, and the sources from -which and the -circumstances under which they were received. When these facts were fully disclosed, express authority to make the contract upon the particular terms embodied in it as claimed by appellee might be wanting, and yet such facts and-circumstances be shown as would justify the jury in implying the requisite authority. If the witness had been permitted -to answer the questions above set out, it is manifest that hi-s answer would have been merely the expression of an opinion- or legal conclusion.” The trial -court sustained defendant’s objection to the questions, and the appellate court affirmed the ruling of the trial court? In the case of McCornick v. Mining & Milling Co., supra, it was held, as appears by the headnote, that, “where agency is the question directly involved in a case, the reputed agent as witness may not give his opinion or state his conclusion as to such-agency, but may state the facts and circumstances concerning the various transactions between him and the alleged principals, leaving the court and jury to determine, under the facts disclosed, whether or not he was such agent.” And in the o-piñion the learned court says: “Under the evidence, the principal question appears to be whether Haven was, during -the term of the lease, acting a-s manager or agent of the lessor, or of the lessee. At the trial, sworn as a witness in behalf -of plaintiff, he was asked: ‘Were you manager of this English company (the Clifton Utah Company) or for any of the gentlemen referred to?’ To this question the defendant interposed an objection as being improper to establish agency by such evidence, and -the court sustained the objection, stating that a man cannot -prove his agency by his own statements. The action of the court in the premises has been assigned as error, and it is now insisted -that it was prejudicial to the right's of the appellant. We think not. Whether or not the court assigned a -correct reason for sustaining the objection, the question, under the circumstances of the case, was objectionable. — 640 — It was,’ in effect, the same as 'aákirigthe witness'whether he was the agent óf the English company, which; ’as we have seen, was-one' of ’ the'main issues in the case to be determined by the court and jury from all' the facts and circumstances showh by the evidence. Whether he was ah agent was'a mixed question' of law and fact, and riot one'upon 'which' the witness' could properly give lus" opinion. The general rule 'is that witnesses must testify to facts, and'not to conclusions. It was' Competent for the witness to state all the facts,' and show all the circumstances relating to or concerning’the various transactions which he had'with either" or" both companies prior arid léading up to, and during the term of the lease, and at the time when the'overdraft sued for was contracted,. and then from' such facts and circumstances, and the other evidence, it was the province of the court and jury to determine whether, in such transactions and at such time, he was -the agent of or was acting for the English or -the defendant company. Where the question of agency is, as in this case, made a principal issue at the- trial of the cause, it is not competent for -a witness to express an opinion upon 'such question:” In the recent work of Clark & Skyles on the Law of Agency, supra, the learned authors state the rule 'applicable to this class of cases "as follows r “But where the question of agency is directly involved, an -agent, as a witness, cannot give his opinion or state his conclusion as ‘to the alleged agency; or, in other words, the fact of the agency cannot be established upon his testimony alone. He may merely state'the facts and circumstances concerning the various transactions between him and his alleged principal, leaving the" court and jury to determine, under the facts disclosed, whether or not he was such agent.” In io -Ency. of Evidence, supra, the rule is thus stated: “Where the question of agency- or of the extent of authority is made a principal issue, it is not competent for a witness to express an opinion upon the question. He must state -the facts. Testimony that a party is or is not an agent is a mere conclusion of law. Likewise, testimony that an agent had authority to do a certain act is a conclusion of law.” We are clearly of the opinion, therefore, that the court in overruling the defendant’s objections to the questions propounded — 641 — to the witness' Gray concerning his agency was clearly in error, for which a new trial must be granted. - It will be observed that the question as to whether or not Gray was still the agent of the defendant at the time the Redfield policy was issued through him to the plaintiff, Chaplin, was a material issue in the case; for, unless he -was such agent, his knowledge cannot be imputed to the defendant and his alleged notice to the secretary of the defendant in a conversation on the train several' months after the issuance of the Redfield policy cannot be regarded as notice to the defendant, for the reason that it does not affirmatively appear that sufficient facts were communicated to the agent to constitute a valid notice to the company. On the trial the plaintiff was permitted to prove, over the objection of counsel for the defendant,.that certain improvements were made upon the property after the issuance of the policy in this action which was made by the plaintiff, Chaplin, and the value of the premises in such improved condition. This evidence was objected to as irrelevant and immaterial and not within the issues in the case, but was admitted by the court and exception duly preserved. It is contended by the appellant that this evidence was clearly inadmissible, and that its introduction was prejudicial to the defendant, and was calculated to prejudice the jury against the defendant. We are of the opinion that the appellant is right in this contention. The policy issued to the plaintiff, Chaplin, and made payable to Glidden for the sum of $1,000, was a valued policy under the provisions of our Code, and in an action upon the policy the plaintiffs, if entitled to recover any sum under the policy, were entitled to recover the full amount as specified in the policy regardless of the value of the premises insured. In other words, the parties had fixed definitely the amount the plaintiff was entitled to recover, and that the defendant should be required to pay in case it was liable for loss of the property. And the niaterial issue in the case was whether or not the plaintiff, in violation of his contract not to take out further insurance, had procured additional insurance without the assent of the defendant. It was immaterial, therefore, to this issue as to what improvements had — 642 — been made upon the property or as to its value, and the fact that improvements were made at the estimated value of $1,000 and that the property as improved was of the value of $3,500 or $4,000 as testified to by plaintiff’s witnesses was immaterial and irrelevant under the issues presented by the pleadings. This testimony should, therefore, have been excluded upon the objection of the defendant. The judgment of the 'circuit court and order denying a new trial are reversed.