Sweeny v. United Underwriters Co.

WHITING, J. This action was brought in the municipal court of the city of Watertown, and was before the court upon an appeal from an order overruling a demurrer to the complaint. The decision of this court will be found in 25 S. D. 1, 124 N. W. 1107, wherein it was held that the action was one based upon an alleged rescission of a contract. It would appear that the action was afterwards tried in the municipal court and then in the circuit court. Upon the last trial, after plaintiff's evidence had all been submitted, the defendant moved for a directed verdict. This motion was granted, verdict and judgment entered for defendant, and a motion for new trial denied. The plaintiff has appealed to this court from such judgment and order denying a new trial. It is the claim of the plaintiff that she was induced to purchase certain shares in defendant corporation through certain false representations in relation to the real value of said shares, and in relation to1 the dividends which said corporation would pay thereon. The plaintiff further claims that one of the conditions — 583 — of said purchase, and a material consideration inducing her to make such a purchase, was a promise on the part of the agent of whom she purchased said stock, whereby it was agreed that, if she became dissatisfied with such purchase, she might return the said stock and would receive back the purchase price thereof, $150. She contends that, owing to such false representations, and also under and by virtue of the option given her so to do, she had the right to and did rescind such contract of purchase by tendering to defendant the certificate of stock purchased and demanding a return of the purchase money, which return was refused. We have carefully considered all the evidence received upon the trial, and can find nothing therein which would warrant a submission to the jury of any question of fraudulent representations, because the representations claimed to have been made, if made, were of a nature such that they could not form the basis 'of a right to rescind the contract. There are thus left two questions: (1) Whether there was evidence to support the plaintiff’s claim of an agreement whereby she had a right to rescind. (2) Whether such agreement is binding upon defendant. While the evidence received is not as clear and definite as it would seem it should be in relation to what transpired between the plaintiff and the agents of defendant, yet there was evidence which, if believed by the jury, would have warranted it in finding that the stock was bought upon the condition that it could be returned and purchase price be refunded if plaintiff was dissatisfied with the purchase.. That such a condition attached to an ordinary sale of personal property would be valid and could be enforced, if the purchaser exercised his option within a reasonable time, is not and could not be questioned. Defendant, however, contends that the agent making the sale had no authority to attach such a condition to any sale made by him, and that therefore the condition is not binding; that the corporation had no power to enter into a contract of sale with such a condition attached, owing to the provisions of sections 425 and 436 of the Civil Code; and that therefore' the condition is not binding. Said sections read as follows: — 584 — Section 425: “A corporation may out of surplus funds, by resolution of its stockholders or by their unanimous consent in writing, purchase, hold and transfer shares of its own stock in such manner and for such price as may be by them agreed upon.” Section 436: . “The directors of corporations must not make dividends except from the surplus profit arising from the business thereof; nor must they divide, withdraw, or pay to the stockholders; or any of them, any part of the capital stock. * * *” Appellant contends that the condition attached to the sale of stock was in every respfect ratified, before -the sale was consummated by delivery of certificate of stock, by the secretary and manager of defendant; that, even if the attaching of such a condition to the sale was ultra vires as regards any authority vested in the sale agent or in such 'secretary and manager, the defendant cannot ratify the sale and repudiate the condition; that, even if the making of such a conditional sale was, under the statutes of this state, ultra vires as to the corporation itself, yet the corporation cannot repudiate the condition — the ultra vires features of the sale — and enforce the other provisions thereof. [1] There was evidence tending to prove that the secretary and manager indorsed1 the contract as made by the sales agent, including the condition for rescinding; and it must be presumed ■that such secretary and manager had authority to' enter into such a contract as the one in question, providing the defendant could have entered into same. If, as a matter of fact, such an officer as one who is known as secretary and manager had not authority to enter into a conditional stock sale, other than as such authority might be affected by statute, certainly the burden was upon defendant to establish such fact. [2] This leaves but one question for serious consideration— the effect'of the two sections which we have quoted from the statutes of this state. [Conceding that 4 contract on the part of a corporation, not entered into as required by the statutes, would be ultra vires, does it necessarily follow that such statute renders void a condition attached to a sale of personal property under which condition the purchaser has a right to rescind; and, even conceding that such statute does render such condition void, can — 585 — the corporation repudiate such condition and yet retain the purchase money, or is there such a failure of consideration as would authorize the rescission of the contract .of sale?) (It must be remembered that this case involves no question of the rights of creditors of the corporation, nor of stockholders therein who had purchased stock subsequent to1 and in reliance upon the purchase by plaintiff ;N and therefore this case is not subject to the rules of law which controlled in the case of Melvin v. Lemar Ins. Co., 80 Ill. 446, 22 Am. Rep. 199, cited and relied upon by respondent. Let us suppose the condition had been one concededly valid, but for some reason the defendant was unable to or refused to perform same, could there be any question, of the right of plaintiff to rescind the contract,, not because the condition provided for a rescission, but because, through the failure of the condition, there was a failure of a material part of the consideration for plaintiff entering into the contract, which failure of itself would give a right to rescind the contract? But will a corporation be heard to say, when it has entered into a contract which hás a condition that is ultra vires, but not immoral or against public policy, that it can ignore the condition and treat .the remainder of the contract as valid; or will it be bound, either to recognize the condition as' valid, or else itself rescind the contract and return any consideration received, except where, as in the Illinois case above referred to, the rights of creditors or other stockholders would estop the purchaser from enforcing the condition ? ( We think that section 425 and 436, supra, were enacted solely for the protection of creditors and stockholders; and that corporations cannot hide behind them, only when necessary to protect creditors or stockholders.) In the case of Morville v. Amer. Tract Society, 123 Mass. 129, 25 Am. Rep. 40, it appeared that there was a contribution of funds to defendant corporation, which contribution was upon a condition subsequent, which afterwards failed, the condition being that the money should be returned if a certain sum total was not received by the corporation; and the contributor demanded the return of his money,, which demand was refused. The court said: “The money of the plaintiff was taken and is still held by the — 586 — defendant under an agreement' which, it is contended, it had no power to make, and which, if it had power to make, it has wholly failed on- its part to perform. It was money of the plaintiff, now in the possession of the defendant, which in equity and good conscience it ought now to- pay -o-ver, and which * may be recovered in an action for money had and received. The illegality is not that which arises when the contract is in violation of public policy or of -sound morals, and under which the law will give no aid to either party. The plaintiff himself is chargeable with no- illegal act, and the corporation is the only one- at fault in exceeding its corporate powers by making the express -contract. The plaintiff is not seeking to enforce the contract, but only to- recover his own money and- prevent the defendant from unjustly retaining the benefit of its own illegal act. He is doing nothing which must be regarded as a necessary affirmance of an illegal act. The right to recover the money upon the implied promise, under like circumstances, has been ’heretofore recognized by -this -court. In White v. Franklin Bank, 22 Pick. 181, where an express- contract was made by a bank for the payment of a deposit at a future day certain, against -the prohibition of the Rev. Stats, c. 36, § 57, it was held that, while no action could be maintained by the depositor upon the express contract, yet he might recover hack the money, without a previous demand, -in an -action commenced before -the expiration- of -the title; the parties not being in pari delicto-, and the action being in disaffirmance of the illegal -contract. The general proposition that, where money is paid on a contract which is merely prohibited by statute, and -the receiver is the principal offender, it may be recovered back was laid down in that case by Wilde, J., who declared it to- be, not only consonant with principles of sound policy and justice, but -to- have been now settled by authority, whatever doubt may have been formerly entertained. ‘To decide/ he adds, ‘that this action cannot -be maintained would be to secure to the defendants' the fruits of an illegal transaction, and would operate as a temptation to- all banks to violate the statute by taking advantage of the unwary, and -to those who may have no actual knowledge of the existence of the prohibition.1 ” In the case -o-f Manchester, etc., R. R. Co. v. Concord R. R. Co., 66 N. H. 100, 20 Atl. 383, 9 L. R. A. 689, 49 Am. St. Rep. — 587 — 582, which involved the right to set up as a defense that the contract sued upon was ultra vires, the court said: “There is, however, another ground of relief which should be briefly mentioned. The contracts have been executed on the part of the plaintiffs; they were not immoral; and they were illegal only so far as they were prohibited by statute. Taking this to be so, and regarding the parties as truly in pari delicto, the case still falls within the general rule that, ‘if an agreement is legally void and unenforceable by reason o'f some statutory or common-law prohibition, either party to the agreement, who has received anything from the other party, and has failed to perform the agreement on his part, must account to the latter for what has been so received. Under these circumstances, the courts will grant relief, irrespective of the invalid agreement, unless it involves some positive immorality, or there are other reasons of -public policy why the courts should refuse t-o grant relief in the case.’ Mo-rawetz on Private Corporations, § 721. He adds: ‘These doctrines have been applied repeatedly in suits arising out of contracts entered into by corporations, although prohibited by statute or by the common-law; and, although the contracts were held illegal and unenforceable in those cases, a recovery was allowed to the extent of the consideration received’ — citing White v. Franklin Bank, 22 Pick. (Mass.) 181 Dill v. Wareham, 7 Met. (Mass.) 438; Episcopal Ch. v. Episcopal, etc., Soc., 1 Pick. (Mass.) 372, 373; Whitney v. Peay, 24 Ark. 22; Philadelphia Loan Co. v. Towner, 13 Conn. 249; Foulke v. San Diego, etc., R. R. Co., 51 Cal. 365; Farmers’, etc., Co. v. St. Joseph, etc., R. R. Co. [2 Fed. 117] 1 McCrary, 247; Madison Av. Baptist Ch. v. Baptist Ch., 73 N. Y. 82; Tracy v. Talmage, 14 N. Y. 162, 67 Am. Dec. 132; Sacketts Harbor Bk. v. Codd, 18 N. Y. 240; Oneida Bk. v. Ontario Bk., 21 N. Y. 490, 496; Vanatta v. St. Bk., 9 Ohio St. 27; United States Express Co. v. Lucas, 36 Ind. 361. See, also, in addition, Pratt v. Short, 79 N. Y. 437, 445, 35 Am. Rep. 531; Owen v. Davis, 1 Bailey, (S. C.) 315; Gilliam v. Brown, 43 Miss. 641, 644; Western Union Telegraph Co. v. Union Pac. Ry. Co. [3 Fed. 423], 1 McCrary, 558, 562; Lewis v. Alexander, 51 Tex. 578; Brooks v. Martin, 2 Wall. 70 [17 L. Ed. 732], and cases cited: — 588 — Central-Trust Co. v. New York, etc., R. R. Co. [C. C.] 23 Fed. 306; Parkersburg v. Brown, 106 U. S. 487, 503 [1 Sup. Ct. 442, 27 L. Ed. 238].” - A case which is upon all fours with the -the case at bar, being one wherein stock w.as purchased with right of purchaser to - rescind and-.receive back.-his money paid-, is the : case of Vent v. Duluth Coffee & Spice Co., 64 Minn. 307, 67 N. W. 70, wherein the q-ourt says: “* . * * The only point raised by ■ appellant worthy of consideration is the contention that the -part of the contract by which defendant agreed to purchase or accept a surrender of its -own- stock is ultra vires and void. There is no express provision in its articles of incorporation authorizing .defendant -to buy or deal in its own stock; and whether an original, independent contract, by which it agreed to purchase its own- stock,- would be ultra vires, we need) not consider.. This is not such a case. This provision of the contract constituted a material and substantial part of the consideration and inducement for the purchase of the ■stock by plaintiffs, and,, if the provision is void, it seems to us that it vitiates the whole contract, and is a sufficient reason for the rescission of that contract and the return of the purchase price, which purchase price plaintiffs are demanding. But the better opinion, it seems to us, is that which holds the original contract to be a conditional sale, with the option to- revoke or rescind in the purchaser. In Browne v. Plow Works, 62 Minn. 90, 64 N. W. 66, we held that a similar contract was not ultra vires. There is no question here as to the rights of creditors. Order affirmed.” See, also, 10 Cyc. pp. 1156 and 1158. The judgment -and order denying a new trial are reversed.