Clinkscales v. Wisconsin Granite Co.

SMITH, J. Action for damages resulting* from personal injuries. Appeal is from a judgment for plaintiff. Appellant assigns error upon an order of the trial- court overruling* defendant’s motion for a 'directed! verdict made at the -close of plaintiff’s evidence, and renewed ¡at the close of all -the evidence, and also, assigns as error insufficiency of the evidence to sustain the verdict. Plaintiff was employed as a laborer by the defendant cor209 po-ration, which • was engaged in the business; of quarrying and preparing" for the market materal known as Sioux Falls granite. He was engaged in operating" a small tramear which, ran on a two-rail track over -the top of an- open gondola car into which the material was dumped from the tramear. This material was loaded into- receptacles known as “skips,” at -the -bottom of the quarry, many feet below the surface; the loaded skip raised by a derrick, and placed upon -the tramear, which was- then -moved by hand, on small steel rails extending- out over the gondola car. The upper frame-work of the tramear, upon which the skip rested, was hinged lengthwise to the bottom of the tram, so that such frame -could be .tipped toward either side of the tram car, causing the material in the skip to f-all into- the gondola car below. The skips were made with one side open, through which opening the 'load discharged in the -direction in- which the hinged portion of the framework was tipped. The open end of the skip could be so placed on the framework as to permit discharging its| load on either side of 'the tramc-ar. The hinged framework u-pon which -the skips were placed was sustained by standards, two on each side of the tram under -the corners of the framework. In operation, the loaded skip was placed on this framework, the four standards or supports in position, and- the -tram’car moved along its track ou-t over the gondola -car, the two- standards on one side unhooked, or taken clown, the hinged framework on -the tram tipped toward one or the other side, and the load -discharged into the gondola car beneath-. At the -time of the accident, t'he gondola car stood on the railway track running east -and west. The tram railway extended toward the north, from a point 60 or 70 feet south, up -to1 and across -the gondola -car. Plaintiff and one Holm, who was working" with him, had just moved -the loaded' tram-car -out over the open gondola car, and were in the act o-f -clumping its load towardl the east. A board extended along the west side of the tram on w-hi-ch Holm stood. Plain-tiff went lover to- the northeast corner of the tram to let down -the supporting standard there, while Ho-lm let down •the standard at the southeast corner. Just then the tra-m-r-ail broke near where plain-tiff was standing with one foot on some ■boards laid between- the rails, and t’he other on -the tram-rail or — 210 — on the edge of the gondola ear below, and he fell into- the car, along with -the loaded skip-, :and was 'injured. It is conceded that the tramrail on the east side of the tramear broke, and- that the loaded. skip and plaintiff thereby were precipitated into the gondola car. The injury to plaintiff wa-s caused, by the loaded- skip and its contents striking his body. If the tramrail had not broken, the plaintiff would' not hav-e fallen or been- injured. It isi not -contended or suggested in. the evidence that the tramear was overloaded' by plaintiff’s fellow servants. No question is presented in th-e record as to the condition of the tramear track or rails, except that portion which extended over and across the gondola car. The rail broke either because of insufficient strength to carry the -ordinary load placed upon it, or 'because it was cracked1 -and unfit for the use to which it was put by the defendant. It is clear that the breaking o-f fhe rail was the proximate -cause of plaintiff’s injury, and that the act of plaintiff in going to the east side of the tramear to let down the support, preparatory to dumping fhe load, did not -contribute in any way to- the breaking -of the rail. If the rail had not broken, -and plaintiff had been injured -while in the net of dumping the load-, because he was operating the tramear in- an -improper or negligent manner, when he removed the -standard, it might reasonably be contended that his act -contributed to’ his- injuries. On the other ■hand, if it be assumed that plaintiff was at an -improper place when he attempted to -let -down the standard, still the fact did not -contribute to the breaking -of the rail, which was the direct cause of his injuries. [1] Tt is -true, an employe may not voluntarily -pla-ce himself in a position be knows to be dan-’gero-us-, -and then recover damages 1 for injuries received, 'even though the -danger he the result of the employer’s negligence. This1 principle is the foundation of the rule that one may n-ot recover damages for injuries where his! own negligent act has contributed -to- -the -cause of the injury. It follows that if plaintiff knew the tramrail was liable to break because of weakness or cracking, and voluntarily placed himself where he was likely -to 'be, and was, injured thereby, his own contributory negligence would ba-r his recovery. ' [2] There is sufficient evidence in the record to sustain a finding by -the trial court or a jury that the tramrail was insuf — 211 — ficient to sustain the 'ordinary load intended to be .placed upon it. La Bee v. Sultan Logging Co., 47 Wash. 57, 91 Pac. 560, 20 L. R. A. (N. S.) 405: “Instrumentalities intended for a particular purpose,’ and suitable * * * for that purpose, do 'not break when pu,t to the use for which they are designed when used in the proper manner. So the 'converse of this proportion must he true. If the instrumentality does 'break when put to the use for which it is designed and used in a proper manner, it is evident that it was either defective in material or construction in the first instance, or has become so since it was put to use. Therefore, when the servant shows that the master furnished him an instrumentality to- ¡be used for a particular purpose, that he used it for tíie purpose intended in the manner intended, and that it broke when- being so used and injured him, he makes .out a prima facie case of negligence against the master.” The case of Penson v. Inland Empire Paper Co., 73 Wash. 338, 132 Pac. 39, L. R. A. 1915F, 15, is to the same effect. That court says: “The respondent relied upon the doctrine of res ipsa loquitur as establishing1 the appellant’s' default. * * * A circumstance necessary to' its application! -is that the injured party,’ from the nature of the case, is not in a position to explain the cause, while the party charged is in a position where he is, or if he has exercised reasonable care should he, able to explain and show himself -free -from! negligence, if in fact he was so. * * * 'The doctrine does not dispense with the rule that the party who alleges negligence must prove it. It merely determines the moda of proving it, or what shall he prima fade evidence of negligence. * * * So defined, we think the rule clearly applies to -the facts before us. The actual Occasion of the accident was not a subject of speculation. The staging was being used1 as intended. The 2x4 support broke. The breaking itself demonstrated to a certainty that it was inadequate, either by reason of an open or a latent defect.” To the same effeot are the decisions of our own court. Perrault v. Wisconsin G. Co., 32 S. D. 275, 144 N. W. 110; Iverson v. Look, 32 S. D. 321, 143 N. W. 332. — 212 — [3,4] The law .presumes that an employe assumes the ordinary risks incident to his employment, including those connected with, the use of proper appliances used in the business. But when the risk is out of -the ordinary, there is no presumption of assumption of such risk, and it becomes a matter of affirmative defense to he pleaded and proved by the employer. Therefore, when the employe shows tot he has been injured by a cause or 'danger not usually or reasonably attendant upon his employment, he is entitled to recover, unless it be shown that he knew of sut'h unusual danger and full}’’ comprehended its nature, before the accident happened. Perrault v. Wisconsin Granite.Co., supra. In tíre present case plaintiff assumed the ordinary risk incident to his employment. But the 'breaking of the tram-rail was not isudn a risk. Plaintiff had the right- to- assume and rely upon the fact that his employer would provide, and had furnished, safe and suitable appliances, and the -burden o-f -showing plaintiff’s knowledge -o-f -defects, lor such circumstances as would p-ut a reasonable person on bis guard, was upon the employer. Appellant by its answer -denles- plaintiff’s allegation' of negligence, and affirmatively alleges that plaintiff had full knowledge of the -condition o-f the track, and- voluntarily continued to operate the tramcar thereon, -and voluntarily assumed any and- all risks -of said employment. At the -close -of all the evidence, there was a conflict in the -evidence as to plaintiff’s knowledge that the tram-rail which broke was defective -or o-f insufficient strength. It must be home in mind that this appeal is from an order overruling defendant’s motion for a directed verdict. [5] The rule has been long settled- in -this state, in accordance with -that existing in m-any -other -states, that on a motion for a directed verdict Iby either plaintiff or -defendant, the trial court and this court will assume that the evidence -of -the party against whom a verdic-t is demanded is undisputed-, and will also- give s-u-ch evidence that 'Construction which is- most favorable to such -party. Thus -on a motion of the -defendant for a -directed verdict the court will assume the evidence o-f the plaintiff to- be undisputed, and give it the most favorable construction for the plaintiff that it will properly bear, and give the plain-tiff the benefit of all reasonable inferences arising 'therefrom. Marshall v. Harney Peak Mfg. Co., 1 S. D. 350, 47 N. W. 290; Merchants’ National — 213 — Bank v. Stebbins, 15 S. D. 280, 89 N. W. 674; Bohl v. City of Dell Rapids, 15 S. D. 619, 91 N. W. 315; Ernster v. Christianson, 24 S. D. 103, 123 N. W. 711; Sanford v. Duluth, etc., Co., 2 N. D. 10, 48 N. W. 434; John Miller Co. v. Klovstad, 14 N. D. 435, 105 N. W. 164. [6] The rule is substantially the same uipon an appeal from an order oif 'the trial 'court overruling a motion for a new trial upon the ground of insufficiency of the evidence to sustain the verdict. Vermont Marble Co. v. Declez Co., 135 Cal. 579, 67 Pac. 1057, 56 L. R. A. 728, 87 Am. St. Rep. 143; Wilkinson v. Aetna Life Ins. Co., 240 Ill. 205, 88 N. E. 550, 25 L. R. A. (N. S.) 1256, 130 Am. St. Rep. 269; O’Callaghan v. Delwood Park Co., 242 Ill. 336, 89 N. E. 1005, 26 L. R. A. (N. S.) 1054, 134 Am. St. Rep. 331, 17 Ann. Cas. 407; B. & O. R. Co. v. Dever, 112 Md. 296, 75 Atl. 325, 26 L. R. A. (N. S.) 712, 21 Ann. Cas. 169; Weber v. Kansas City C. R. Co., 100 Mo. 194, 12 S. W. 804, 13 S. W. 587, 7 L. R. A. 819, 18 Am. St. Rep. 541; Bank v. Weston, 159 N. Y. 201, 54 N. E. 40, 45 L. R. A. 547; Springs v. Schenck, 99 N. C. 551, 6 S. E. 405, 6 Am. St. Rep. 552; Merrill v. Oregon Short Line, 29 Utah, 264, 81 Pac. 85, 110 Am. St. Rep. 695; Kroger v. Cumberland T. P. Co., 145 Wis. 433, 130 N. W. 513, 35 L. R. A. (N. S.) 473; Lee v. Prudential Life Ins. Co., 203 Mass. 299, 89 N. E. 529, 17 Ann. Cas. 236; 2 R. C. L. 198. [7, 8] But appellant ocintenids that plaintiff in his complaint ■has alleged that the tramrails were of insufficient strength, and that one rail was cracked and defective, all of which was “observable and easily discoverable on inspection,” and was known to the defendant, and ‘that such pleading Ja a conclusive judicial admission, which charges- plaintiff with knowledge of the defects alleged. In -the same paragraph of -the complaint, however, it is, alleged that all of these facts were “unknown to this plaintiff.” But even if it ¡be assumed that the complaint conclusively admits that such defeots were “observable and easily -discoverable,” such admission is not one upon wh-i'ch plaintiff can ¡be -charged with contributory negligence ■ in failing- to discover such defects, because where the -employer furnishes- -the Complete appliance, the employe may assume it to be sufficient and fit -for the use i-m tended, and is not Charged with the -duty -of inspection as to- its — 214 — fitness. The test is whether the defect is known to him, or is plainly observable by him. Choctaw, etc., R. Co. v. McDade, 191 U. S. 64, 24 Sup. Ct. 24, 48 L. Ed. 96. He is not hound to look for danger, .and he assumes the risk only -when the danger i's so obvious that one who owes no duty to inspect wais bound to distover it. Rase v. M. St. P. R. Co., 107 Minn. 260, 120 N. W. 360, 21 L. R. A. (N. S.) 138; Lee v. Leighton Co., 113 Minn. 373, 129 N. W. 767. He was not chargeable, therefore, with Contributory negligence for failure to observe defects, even such as may have been “observable or easily discoverable on inspection,” according to the allegation in- his complaint. [9] Appellant further contends that plaintiff fe shown to have had actual knowledge of the insufficiency of the rail by the undisputed testimony of Holm1, who worked with him and was his' witness' at the trial. Holm testified, in substance, that every load they took down, Qinksoales told 'him to be careful, because the rails were too small for the big load. Cl-inks'cales himself did not testify to any such conversations with Holm, but did testify that lie had a talk with Sandness, the foreman, a day or two before the accident, in which' he told him it looked like the rails were too small, and Sandiness' said to “go ahead', we have always loaded on them. There will be some rails here in a day or two.” Clinkseales' then testified: “A day or two- before the accident the rail was changed. Andrew Sandiness, myself, -and this man that was working with me changed them. Mr. Sandness was the bos-s, and he was there. They looked' to he old- rails. The rail that was put in ■there Mr. Sandness got up- by the engine room1. That was the rail that broke and let the load down on me. I did not know this rail was apt to break and let the load down on me. I did not think it would break; no- one had told me the rail was apt to break and cripple me for life.” It is clear that the rail spoken of in the conversation testified to b}r Mr. Holm referred to the rail in use before this change. There -is no evidence in the record tending -to show that plaintiff had knowledge of any defects in the rail which broke. [10] Appellant also contends that plaintiff was guilty of contributory neglig'ence, in that, at the time of the accident, he did not Use a wooden pr-oip or standard, alleged to have been — 215 — furnished by defendant -with instruction to place it under the tram or track, to sustain the loaded tramear while being dumped. One Randall, a witness for the defendant, testified that he was plant foreman of the granite company; that during’ the time the tramear was in operation, about the third day the car was used, he caused a tie 6x6 to be sawed off the proper 'length to fit under the ¡tramear; that he talked with. 'Clinks'cales about this prop, and helped ¡put it under the track; that he told Clink-scales he thought it was necessary to keep this 6x6 under the track as a support; that he observed1 several times they were neglecting to use it; that he called their attention to' the fact as many as a dozen times,; that Olinkscales was there when this 6x6 was put under the track the first time; that the .purpose of this support was to make the track safe to hold «up. the rails; that this 6x6 was not under the track at the time the accident occurred. One Krause, witness on behalf of defendant, testified that he was at the plant when this accident happened, ¡and 'had1 seen this prop in place; that it.was not safe to1 dump the tram without it. One Londeen, a witness for defendant, testified that he had seen this -prop; that he was engineer ¡on the Illinois Central, and moved lout the gondola car which was being loaded at the time of the accident; and, in substance, that this prop was not in use at the time of the accident but was covered with sand in the other end of the gondola car. One Hewson, superintendent of the company, testified that the 6x6 standard to- be placed under the track was provided within a. few days after the work started. On the other ¡hand, the following testimony appears in the record, and is in direct conflict with this testimony of the defendant : Oscar Holm, a witness for the plaintiff testified: ‘‘This brace was not used by ¡Olinkscales and I at the time the rails broke. Q. Rut you had been using it unloading this car? A. After the accident. We had not been using it on the car before the accident. We had not been using it on the car. Mr. Randall, the foreman had not said anything to us before the accident about using this 6x6 under the track. I do' not know — 216 — where this 6x6 was- at the time of the accident. It was not in the railroad -car a little further up.” Plaintiff himself testified1: “I heard- the testimony of Randall that he tokl. me to put -a post under the -railroad track. He never told- me at any time to ■put a post under the track. Mr. Randall did not tell me. He never told me about putting* a brace under the track at any time. There was no 6x6 standard- there to- brace under the track where we were -dumping. I never saw or -heard of one. This is the first time I ever heard of it.” Defendant's witness Higgins testified: “I did- not specifically instruct -it (the 6x6) to he place there. Q. Wiill you kindly explain to the jury why you did not tell Mr. Clinkscales when he told- 3r,o-u the rails were -bending, to use the 6x6 standard y-o-u 'had provided- far it? A. They did not provide that standard- for some -days -afterwards. Q. Then you did not get it there the first day or so, as Mr. Randall testified? A. I do not remember just exactly when, but it was- within a few days.” This testimony -is quoted to show -that there was -a direct conflict in the evidence of plaintiff’s and- -defendant’s witnesses, as to the facts- upon which defendant seeks to -charge plaintiff with contributory negligence. Upon this appeal from the order denying defendant’s -motion for a -directed verdict, the -conflict in this evidence m-ust be resolved in favor of plaintiff. It follows that the trial court did not err in overruling defendant’s -motion for a directed verdict. The order and judgment of the -trial cou-rt must be affirmed.