Baxter v. Park

SMITH, J. Appeal from an order of the circuit court of Codington county sustaining defendant’s demurrer to plaintiff’s complaint. The complaint alleges that the defendant was the owner of .certain lots in the business district of the city of Water-town ; that prior to the summer of 1919 he had caused certain excavations about 8 feet deep to be made on said grounds, which excavations disclosed a sand and gravel bottom and side walls of sand and gravel; that defendant thereupon constructed walls of cement on the easterly, southerly, and northerly sides thereof ; that in the summer of 1919 he caused a continuation of said excavation to be made, extending a considerable distance westerly from the original excavation; that the walls of said additional excavation, also 8 feet deep, were of a sandy and gravel nature, likely to fall at an)’- time, as defendant well knew, and were left in that condition, and that no guards of any sort or nature were put up around or. about said excavation to keep children of tender — 364 — age therefrom, or to warn them of danger, or to protect said side walls from caving in; that said excavation was immediately adjacent to a traveled public street in the business part of the city, and was adjacent to and surrounded on the other three sides by traveled paved alleys; and that a traveled path or track led from the alley on the north and from! that on the south down into the excavation; that said excavation had been used for many months by children for playing in; that such children were attracted thereto by the walls and the character of such excavation, the same being sand and gravel, all of which was known to defendant; that it was his duty to safeguard the same, and that he was negligent in failing so to do; that on October 24, 1919, Orville Claude Baxter, seven years of age, together with other children, were attracted into said excavation, without knowledge of danger from caving of said walls, with the result that he and another young boy were killed by the caving in of the wall. [1] The real question sought to be presented by the demurrer is the applicability of the rule embodied in a class of decisions known as the Turntable Cases, to the particiilar facts alleged in the complaint. That rule seems to have been originally adopted and applied in this country in Sioux City and Pacific Railroad Co. v. Stout, 17 Wall. 657, 21 L. Ed. 745, citing as authority R. Co. v. Gladmon, 15 Wall. 401, 21 L. Ed. 115. The gist of that decision is stated in the following language: “In fact this doctrine is not treated as an exception to the law relating to trespassers, but rather as a part of the law ■ applicable to the rights of ‘invitees/ to whom the owner owes the duty of exercising care for their safety.” Discussing the circumstances under which a child of tender years might or might not be considered an “invitee,” the court said: “If the defendant did know, or had good reason to believe, under the circumstances of the case, the children of the place would resort to the turntable to play, * * * they would be deemed ‘invitees,’ in which case the owner owes the duty of exercising care for their safety.” On the other hand, discussing conditions under which the defendant might or might not be deemed guilty of actionable ’negligence in respect to an invitee, the court says: — 365 — “The machine in question^ is part of- the defendant’s road which was lawfully constructed where it was. If the company did not know, and had no good reason to suppose, that children would resort to the turntable to play, or did not know or had no reason to suppose that, if they resorted there, they would be likely to get injured thereby, then you cannot find a verdict against them.” One not an invitee could not recover damages under this rule, because the right of recovery is made to rest primarily upon the question whether the facts and circumstances ■ existing were such that they might be considered by a jury as amounting to an invitation to children of tender years to go upon the premises and ignorantly to put themselves in a place or position in which injury might occur. And the court holds that, in determining whether the particular facts and circumstances were such as to constitute an implied invitation to children, the ignorance, immaturity, and natural curiosity and impulses of childhood m'ay be taken into account by a jury. On the other hand, defining the duty which the owner of premises owes to such possible invitees, the court holds that it would be proper for the jury to determine 'whether the defendant had or had not good reason to suppose that children might resort to the premises, or whether the defendant did Or did not know, or had or had not good reason to suppose, that, if children did resort there they would be likely to be injured. In short, when the defendant had no good reason to suppose that children might resort or be attracted to the premises, or if defendant did not know and had no reason to suppose that, if children did resort there, they would be injured, the charge of negligence would 'be rebutted; and, even though the child was an invitee and was injured, the defendant would not be guilty of actionable negligence. ¡2] Respondent contends that: “In considering" the question as to whether a duty exists, there is no distinction between the case where an infant is injured and one where the injury is to an adult; though where the duty is imposed the law may exact more vigilance in its discharge as to the former.” —and asks: “Why should innocent children have greater rights than — 366 — innocent adults, in respect to damage resulting from the nature of the premises upon which they enter without permission?” “Remedy against the landowner for harm happening from the condition of the premises is denied to adults.who are entirely free from intent to violate rights and whose presence upon the land is due to pardonable mistake or to irresistable external force. The test is not whether their motives were innocent or even laudable, or whether their conduct was careful, but whether they entered without the owner’s permission. If so, they cannot claim that the owner was under duty to make things safe for their access, or to give warning of nonapparent danger. * * * The decision turns, not upon the presence of fault in the plaintiff, but upon the absence of fault in the defendant. * * * He fails because the landowner owed him no duty to have the premises in a safe condition for his entry. * * * Why should the moral innocence of a childish intruder raise a duty on the part of the landowner which is not created by the moral innocence of an adult intruder ?” Carried to its logical conclusion, this reasoning denies a recovery to any trespasser, whether infant or adult, except for an injury caused by the willful or wanton act of the landowner, and it must be conceded that there are decisions, respectable in number, which so hold. They rest wholly upon the leg'al theory that the owner of property has an unqualified right to make any lawful, beneficial use thereof, and owes no duty to any trespasser. The exercise of this right has been held by some courts to be modified or restrained by the principle recognized in the common law, and expressed in the maxim: “Sic utere tuo ut alienum ltedas — One must so use his own rights as not to infringe upon the rights of another.” Section 45, Code 1919. Logically this maxim cannot justify or excuse a trespasser, for the reason that no one possesses the legal right to become a trespasser. Langer v. Goode, 21 N. D. 462, 131 N. W. 258, Ann. Cas. 1913D, 429; Greyvensteyn v. Hattingh et al., 21 Ann. Cas. 643. Many of the cases, however, without any very clear definition of the duty of the landowner, a violation of which would constitute negligence, treat the subject from the standpoint of the infant’s contributory negligence, and, adopting the reasoning in the Stout Case, say: “It is well settled that the conduct of an infant of tender — 367 — years is not to be judged by the same rule which governs that of an adult. While it is the general rule in regard to an adult that, to entitle him to recover damages for an injury resulting from the fault or negligence of another, he must himself have been free from fault, such is not the rule in regard to an infant of tender years. The care and caution required of a child is according to his maturity and capacity only, and this is to be determined in each case by the circumstances of that case.” Edwards v. Railway Co., 21 S. D. 504, 110 N. W. 832. [3] We think it may be laid down as a principle fundamental in all this class of actions that a landowner cannot be held liable unless he owes to the injured child a duty which he has neglected. As was said by Justice Lurton in Felton v. Aubrey, 74 Fed. 353, 20 C. C. A. 436: “If there was no 'breach of duty, then there was no wrong, irrespective of the boy’s capacity to know that what he was doing was dangerous.” [4] Probably a majority of the decisions emphasize the thought that a child trespasser is presumably not guilty of conscious negligence, while an adult presumably is, and that the child, being- only a technical trespasser, and unconscious of and not chargeable with neglig-ence, may recover, while the adult may not. But we are asked, What duty does the landowner owe to one, that he does not owe equally to the other, to make his premises safe for trespassers? The answer must be that the landowner does owe a duty to children, whom he knows may be exposed to such injury, which -he does not owe to án adult, and which duty arises only when the landowner knows and is conscious of the dangerous character of the artificial thing which he himself has placed or created upon his premises, and has knowledge, because of its proximity to them, that children in its immediate locality are or may be exposed to injury therefrom. In such case the attractive character of the object or structure does not, in itself, create the duty, though when the duty exists the attractive character of the object may affect the degree of care required of the owner to guard against possible injury. As is said in Sherman & Redfield on the Eaw of Negligence (6th Ed.) vol. 1, § 98: “The overwhelming weight of authority both in number of — 368 — decisions and in soundness of reasoning by which is established the right of little children to recover damages for injuries suffered while trespassing should alone be sufficient to settle this question.” [5] This class of cases recognizes a new and broader duty of the landowner than that announced in the Stout Case. But practically all the cases hold, in effect, that if the landowner had. no reason to suppose that children would resort to the premises, or had no reason to suppose that they would be injured if they did,'he owed no duty to guard against barely possible injury. Talty v. Atlantic, 92 Iowa, 135, 60 N. W. 516; Gillespie v. McGowan, 100 Pa. 147, 45 Am. Rep. 365; Severy v. Nickerson, 120 Mass. 306, 21 Am. Rep. 514. [6] Counsel in their brief -and upon oral argument have presented their views with great earnestness and ability, and have exhibited unusual industry in compiling and attempting to classify the decisions of the courts of the different states. These decisions, however, present such variations of facts, of reasoning, and of results, that we shall not attempt to analyze or review them, further than to say that a great majority of them, either directly or b}^ clear implication, sustain the view that the landowner, who places dangerous articles or structures upon his own premises, so situated that children of tender years, unconscious of danger, and led merely by childish curiosity and impulse, and who, living in proximity to such premises, may have easy access thereto, owes to such children the duty to take precautions such as may be reasonable under the particular circumstances to avoid danger to them which he knows, or may be reasonably expected to know, may exist because of the character of the article or structure and its location and immediate surroundings. [3] We are of the view that the facts alleged in the complaint .are such as to constitute a cause of action which should be submitted to a jury. The above-entitled appeals involve identical facts and pleadings, and are submitted upon the same briefs and arguments. Both are disposed of by this decision. The order of the trial court is therefore reversed.