Weddington v. Insurance Co.

Walker, J., after stating the case: The validity of the provision in a policy of insurance against the creating of encumbrances without the consent of the insurer can hardly be contested at this late day. It has now become the settled doctrine of the courts that the facts in regard to title, ownership, encumbrance and possession of the insured property are all important to be known by the insurer, as the character of the hazard is often affected by these circumstances. “When a person’s interests in a property are qualified or complicated, the motive to care for and protect it is weakened; and, following the principle that in a large majority of cases governs conduct, we may expect to find indifference and often neglect where interested vigilance is required to secure safety. When a person insures property where the title is in dispute, or if it be heavily encumbered, there will sometimes exist a dangerous temptation to withhold protection to such a degree as to invite accident., and this may frequently be done without a — 238 — conscious intent of wrongdoing on the part of the insured. This fact is always recognized by insurance companies; and as the success of their undertakings is not based on the exceptional, but the general, principles of business morality, their purpose is to fix relations under the contract that will create no motive on the part of the insured for the commission of crime. It will be found, therefore, 'that policies generally provide that when the property becomes encumbered, or any change takes place in title or possession, notice of the fact must be given to the company, and its consent had, or a forfeiture will result.” Ostrander on Fire Insurance (2 Ed.), sec. 84; Alston v. Ins. Co., 100 Ga., 287; Ins. Co. v. Bernstein, 55 Neb., 260; Lee v. Ins. Co., 79 Iowa, 379; Brown v. Ins. Co., 41 Pa. St., 187. It is wholly a matter of agreement and, when encumbrances are prohibited by the contract, the question of materiality may he regarded as settled. The very nature of the requirement that consent to an encumbrance must first be obtained in order that the policy may remain in force indicates that it is a matter of the first importance to the insurer to be informed of any such change in the interest of the insured as it is something that must necessarily control his assent to the continuance of the insurance. It may be said to be of the very essence of this kind of contract that the company should be apprised promptly of any such diminution of interest in the property insured as will tend to lessen the care and diligence in its protection and preservation which the insured would otherwise bestow upon it. The interest of the insured is frequently diminished exactly in proportion as the encumbrance is increased, and it is this fact, which refers directly to the moral hazard of the risk, that chiefly concerns the insurer and for this reason a frank disclosure of the condition of the property with reference to liens, encumbrances and title is generally required as a condition to the payment of the loss. This court has expressly approved this doctrine and sustained the validity of a similar provision in policies — 239 — of insurance and for tbe very reason we have given. In the recent case of Hayes v. Insurance Co., 132 N. C., 702, it was held that the existence of an encumbrance on the property insured is a most material fact and should be communicated to the company, for if made known it would doubtless prevent a longer assumption of the risk. While it is always the duty of the court to enforce contracts as made by the parties, their judgments will usually be tempered with mercy, and express a just partiality for the right; and hence it is frequently found that they are exceedingly reluctant to give effect to arbitrary provisions that are repugnant to the common sentiments of justice, and especially when to do so will result in forfeitures and the defeat of substantial rights. When a warranty or material representation is the subject of contention, the court will generally limit the inquiry to the fact of whether a warranty or representation exists. If such is found to be the ease, and no waiver has resulted, the court has then a plain duty to perform and this cannot be changed or influenced by any consideration of the manner in which the interests of the parties may be affected. The reasons for the particular provisions of the contract to be enforced can have no significance except as they may explain the intention of the parties. Ostrander on Fire Insurance, section 83. It is not difficult to understand why companies should be cautious about insuring property which has been encumbered, when we consider the obvious reason that the contract of insurance is one which depends largely for. its value to the company upon the good faith of the insured and the inducement to the insured by reason of his interest in the property to safeguard it in every possible way. In theory, at least, anything which decreases the interest of the insured in the property correspondingly increases the risk. The company wants to keep the owner’s interest on the side of the preservation of the property instead of its destruction, and therefore wants the owner to be part insurer with it. Ins. Co. v. Bernstein, supra. — 240 — But it is quite sufficient, as we have just seen, to defeat recovery upon the policy for a loss if it provides against encumbrances without the company’s consent and this provision is violated. “This court has uniformly held that where it is expressly provided that the policy upon certain contingencies shall be void, effect will be given to such language.” Gerringer v. Ins. Co., 133 N. C., 412. “It will be conceded that, when the motive of the parties does not appear conclusively in the contract itself, the courts will not be justified in going outside to find one; but when it is obvious that the intention of the insurer was to stipulate for that vigilance in the care and protection of the property which can arise only from a substantial, personal interest, the courts cannot, in the performance of their diities, disregard the fact. A distinguished jurist once said: ‘The judges ought to be curious and subtle to invent reasons and means to make acts effectual, according to the just intent of the parties. They will not, therefore, cavil about the propriety of words, where the intent of the parties appears, but will rather apply the words to fulfill the intent than to destroy the intent by reason of the insufficiency of the words.’ ” Ostrander on Fire Ins., sec. 23. The intent is most clearly manifested here, and, as the stipulation is a just and lawful one, it will be enforced according to its plain meaning and so as to carry into execution the reasonable purpose of the parties. We see no evidence in this case of any waiver of this stipulation by the company or of any consent that the plaintiff might encumber the property. The polite reply of the company’s president and the expression of his regret to the plaintiff that he could not accommodate him, when requested to endorse his note for $300, and his further wishing him “success in his undertaking” cannot surely be given that effect. If it bore on its face the evidence of any consent at all, and we do not think it does, it would be restricted to a loan and mortgage on the property of $300, whereas the plaintiff en — 241 — cumbered it to tbe amount of $867.16. This left biin only an actual interest, tbe value of bis equity of redemption, of about $750, whereas tbe total insurance amounted to $1,000. But tbe expression in McAden’s letter “wishing you success in your undertaking” would seem to refer not to bis success in securing tbe loan from some other person, for, as far as appears, be did not contemplate such a course, but to the success of tbe business in which tbe plaintiff says, in bis letter, be bad recently embarked “on bis own account.” Tbe plaintiff bad not even intimated any intention of borrowing money from any other person, and certainly McAden was not required to anticipate that be would do so and especially that be would place a mortgage upon bis property to secure tbe loan, without first complying with tbe plain requirement of bis policy, which was then in bis possesion. It has been held that notice of an intention on tbe part of tbe policy bolder to do something contrary to tbe terms of'the contract will not estop tbe company, although not objected to by it at tbe time, because tbe company has tbe right to infer that tbe bolder of the policy intends at tbe proper time to obtain tbe assent of tbe company to tbe act before it is done. Ostrander, supra, sec. 350; Insurance Co. v. Sorsby, 60 Miss., 302; Worachek v. Ins. Co., 102 Wis., 88; Goldin v. Insurance Co., 46 Minn., 473; Sowers v. Ins. Co., 113 Iowa, 551. Even if there bad been a clearly expressed purpose to mortgage tbe property of which tbe company bad notice, it must be remembered that a mere unexecuted intention to do an act is not only revocable and subject to any change of mind on tbe part of tbe insured, but it may fairly be taken for granted that tbe insured will proceed according to tbe terms of tbe policy in doing tbe act, as tbe law does not presume that a wrong will be committed. But we find nothing in tbe language of McAden which implies an assent to tbe mortgaging of tbe property, nor is there any element of an equitable estoppel in tbe case. Tbe plaintiff has shown nothing which — 242 — should, have led him to act in a way that prejudiced him or to alter his position to his own hurt, and which he can justly attribute to any conduct on the part of the defendant, nor is he entitled upon the evidence to say that he acted in reliance upon anything which has been said or done by the company or its president. If he misconstrued the plain import of what McAden said, it is his misfortune to have done so and not any fault of the company of which he can now justly complain or avail himself. It is argued, though, that the company should have returned or at least tendered the unearned portion of the premium before it could insist upon a forfeiture. The policy expressly provides that the unearned portion of the premium shall be returned on surrender of the policy. This is the contract of the parties and we are not permitted to change it. There has been no surrender of the policy, but the complaint is drawn, and the trial proceeded, upon plaintiff’s part, upon the theory that the policy was valid and would not, therefore, be surrendered. The condition precedent to the return of the premium has not been performed, but a refusal to comply with it is to be clearly implied. It has been held in a number of cases that in a case of a breach of condition which invalidates the policy, the company is not bound at its peril, upon notice of such breach, to declare the policy forfeited or to do or say anything to make the forfeiture effectual, and a waiver will not be inferred from mere silence or inaction on its part. It may wait until claim is made under the policy and then rely on the forfeiture in denial thereof or in defense of a suit brought to enforce payment of it. 16 Am. & Eng. Enc. (2 Ed.), 939; Dowd v. Insurance Co., 1 N. Y. Supp., 31; Ins. Co. v. Brecheisen, 50 Ohio St., 542; Harris v. Asso. Society, 3 Hun., 725; Flynn v. Ins. Co., 78 N. Y., 569; Ins. Co. v. Hull, 77 Md., 498; Todd v. Ins. Co., 100 N. W. (Mich.), 442. The principle is distinctly recognized and approved by — 243 — tbis court in Perry v. Ins. Co., 132 N. C., 283. See also Alspaugh v. Ins. Co., 121 N. C., 290. In Hayes v. Ins. Co., 132 N. C., 102, it is said: “When tbe property was advertised for sale under tbe mortgage soon after tbe insurance tbis terminated the insurance by tbe agreement in the policy, and -the insured in good faith should have gone at once to tbe agent of tbe'insurer and applied for cancellation of tbe policy and tbe return of a ratable portion of tbe premium.” Tbe language of tbe court in Senor v. Ins. Co., 181 Mo., 104, seems to answer tbis position fully: “From tbe nature of tbis contract it falls far short of indicating any surrender of the policy, but tbe reverse — an earnest effort to enforce it. However, conditions have not yet arisen which would require tbe defendant to make return of the unearned premium as provided in tbe contract of insurance.” Tbe company is not seeking aggressively to avoid tbe policy in an action to cancel it, but is only attempting to show it to be void to defeat tbe plaintiff’s action. Tbe defense is asserted -to meet tbe attack of tbe plaintiff — as a shield and not as a sword. Dowd v. Ins. Co., 1 N. Y., Supp., 31. Tbe return of tbe unearned part of tbe premium was not, under the circumstances of tbis case, a condition precedent to a successful insistence upon the forfeiture, and tbe plaintiff does not sue in tbis action to recover the premium, as we have shown. Tbis objection to tbe plea of forfeiture is not well taken. Nor do we think tbe last position taken by tbe plaintiff’s counsel is tenable. It made no difference whether tbe plaintiff knew what was in tbe non-waiver agreement or not. He signed it and tbe law presumes be did know what was in it and lie will not be beard, in the absence of any proof of fraud or mistake, to say that be did not. Cuthbertson v. Ins. Co., 96 N. C., 480. “It will not do for a man to enter into an agreement and, when called upon to respond to its obligations, to say that be did not read it when be signed it or did not know what it contained. If tbis were permitted, con — 244 — tracts would, not be worth the paper on wbicb they are written. But such is not the law. A contractor must stand by the words of his contract, and if he will not read what he signs, he alone is responsible for his omission.” Upton v. Tribilcock, 91 U. S., 45. The evidence proposed to be introduced to show what passed between the plaintiff and the defendant’s agent, Chisholm, at the time the non-waiver agreement was signed, did not tend to show any waiver. At the time, Chisholm did not know of the mortgage nor did the defendant. He discovered its existence when he was investigating the loss with a view of ascertaining the amount, and as soon as it was discovered he insisted that the policy was thereby avoided, and proceeded no further with the adjustment. What was said by Webb manifestly referred to the question of settling the amount of the^ loss, as he could not then have referred to the mortgage so as to have waived the forfeiture, for he was wholly ignorant of its existence. The court properly excluded all the evidence in regard to what occurred when the non-waiver agreement was executed. We have carefully examined the entire case and find no error therein. No Error.