Pedrick v. Railroad

CoNNOR, J., after stating the case: This appeal was argued before us with marked ability and learning, counsel citing authority for the support of their several positions. His Honor did not find the facts upon which he based his judgment refusing the injunction. It will be convenient, in the discussion of the question presented, to state the uncontroverted facts material to the decision. The town of Washington, conceded to be a prosperous commercial community, containing about 8,000 inhabitants, is located on the north side, we will assume, of Pamlico River, about thirty-six miles above its mouth and (for this purpose) about three miles below the conjunction of said river with Tar River. The said river from its mouth to and above said town is navigable. That considerable traffic has been and is now carried on by the people of said town, over said river, with people living above and below Beaufort and adjoining counties. That said traffic is carried on by means of sailing, steam and gas vessels of considerable tonnage; that said river flows by and past the entire length of said town; there are a large number of wharves, stores, warehouses, together with several sawmills to which logs are brought in rafts from above and below said town, and the lumber is carried to market on barges towed by tugs down said river. That these mills and wharves are located both above and below the county (or highway) bridge which crosses said river, abutting on one of the streets of said town, the larger number of said mills and wharves being below said county bridge. The county bridge has a draw of thirty-six feet. — 493 — The defendant’s resident engineer makes an affidavit to wliicb is attacked a map skowing tke formation of tke banks of tke river, widtk of tke ckannel, location of bridge, distance, etc. We find no contradiction, in any material respect, of the statement made in tkis affidavit. After stating kis opportunities for knowing tke facts to wkick ke testifies, ke says: “That from a point below tke draw of tke said bridge, a distance of 2,500 feet, tke ckannel runs a practically straigkt course, about northwest by north coming up, and southeast by south going down. That tke ckannel continues then in a straigkt line above tke said draw for a distance of 1,300 feet. That any vessel coming up tke said river has a direct approach to tke said draw of 2,500 feet, and any vessel going down tke said river has a direct approach to tke said draw for a distance of 1,300 feet. That a direct approach to tke draw in tke county bridge, wkick crosses tke said river from Bridge Street in said town, going up tke said river, is about 450 feet; and that coming down tke said river a direct approach can be made to tke said county bridge 'draw for a distance of about 950 feet. That above tke town of Washington tke ckannel becomes more winding and crooked, and there is no point on the' river between tke town of Washington and tke point three and one-half miles up the said river where tke ckannel continues a straigkt course for a longer distance than 2,400 feet. That affiant has had opportunities of experience and observation in tke matter of tke construction of bridges across navigable waters, and knows that the bridge now being built by tke said company is modern in character and of approved design, and that tke draw of tke said bridge is of a character recognized by tke experts as being safe, convenient and readily opened and closed, and suck as is in common use in railroad bridges at tkis time. That from Willow Point above, tke course of tke river is very winding, with sharp turns and short stretches of water, and tke location of a bridge — 494 — across tlie stream above Willow Point would, of necessity, more seriously interfere with the navigation of said river above Willow Point than can the bridge located as is now proposed be to navigation upon the river from Washington to points below. That during the month of September pilings were driven at the points at which 'will be placed the center pier and end piers of the draw of the said railroad bridge. That from the time of the driving of these pilings until this date there has been left open and clear for the passage of water craft something more than half of the total space that will be provided for the passage of such craft after the said draw is completed. That during this time, that is to say, from the early part of September, affiant has been daily either on the said river or on the shore thereof opposite the proposed draw, and has seen every day numbers of sailing vessels, steamers, gas-boats, tugs and barges, and tugs with rafts of logs in tow, pass through said space without delay, inconvenience or difficulty. That affiant has at times seen a tug with two barges in tow, the said barges lashed together, pass through the said space, and has, at other times, seen the tug with two barges, one behind the other, pass through the said space without difficulty. That during the period of time referred to, the wind has been variable; unusually heavy tides have prevailed, and a considerable portion of the time the weather has been what is commonly called stormy. That the construction of the said bridge, in accordance with the plans, will not have the effect of causing the channel of the river, either at the draw of the bridge or above dr below the same, to fill up, but, on the contrary, the tendency would be to avoid the result. The plan upon which said bridge is being constructed will leave a space in the channel of the said river not less than seventy feet wide, and another space of the same width, which will become a part of the channel. That the plan attached shows the general elevation of the draw-spam of this railroad — 495 — bridge tbe depth of the water on each side of the center pier and between it and the two end piers. That upon the plan is indicated the relative location of the center and end piers, the space left open for the passage of water craft and the depth of the water at mean low-water level. That this plan has been made after a thorough sounding and examination of the said river and the bottom thereof, and is correct. That the depth of the water between the center pier and the end pier, to the south, runs from ten feet on the southern edge to twelve feet next the center pier. That the depth of the water between the center pier and the north pier runs from twelve feet and six inches to thirteen feet; and this depth is practically maintained in the channel for a distance of about two hundred feet below the draw and' for the same distance above.” The defendant’s charter, Private Laws 1903, ch. 1, authorizes the company to construct a railroad from Ealeigh in Wake County in an easterly direction * * * to or near the town of Greenville; thence on the south side of Tar Elver to some point on, near, across river in Pitt or Beaufort counties, above or near the town of Washington; thence to or near the town of Washington * * * as shall be determined by said board of directors.” The charter was arfiended by the General Assembly, Private Laws 1905, ch. 5, permitting the road to be carried to Snow Hill, in Greene County; thence to Greenville thence “to or near some point on the south side of Tar Eiver in Pitt or Beaufort cbunties,” etc. Defendant alleges, and it is not denied, that prior to' the amendment of its charter by the General Assembly of 1905, it “proceeded to lay out and locate its line of railroad, and determine upon crossing the said river at the point at which it now proposes to construct its bridge.” That on the day the summons was issued in this action, the bridge was more than one-fourth completed. We omit any reference to the — 496 — affidavit showing the progress of the work and present condition of the bridge. Before proceeding to discuss the question whether, and to what extent, the proposed bridge would impede, obstruct or interfere with navigation, we will dispose of the two preliminary questions raised by the pleadings and argued before us: 1.' Are the plaintiffs or either of them entitled to sue, that is, have they alleged such special and peculiar damage, different in kind from the public generally, by reason of the construction and maintenance of the bridge, as under the settled principles of law give them a right to sue? 2. Does the charter of defendant road authorize it to construct a bridge over Pamlico Kiver at any point, or is it restricted to the construction over Tar Ni ver? The obstruction or interference with the navigation being a public nuisance, it is elementary learning that no private citizen may sue therefor, unless he suffers some damage which is not common to the public, or, to express it affirmatively, he may sue by showing that he sustained some special peculiar injury, different in kind from the public. Manufacturing Co. v. Railroad, 117 N. C., 579, where the authorities are cited in a well-considered opinion by Mr. Justice Avery. The question is discussed and the latest authorities cited in Joyce on Nuisances, 267-271. We have no’difficulty in finding that none of the plaintiffs who sue, in respect to their citizenship of the town of Washington, are entitled to do so upon the averment in the complaint. Mr. Eowle avers that he is the owner of • a sawmill on .said river, located above the proposed bridge, and that he procures the logs to be sawed at his mill in rafts coming over said river, both from above and below the proposed bridge; that he ships his lumber to market over said river in barges which must be towed by tug-boats down the river and through the draw in the bridge. — 497 — Plaintiffs Pedrick and Jones say that they own and run sailboats on said river passing from tbe docks above tbe proposed bridge into Pamlico Sound, etc. It is not clear, upon tbe authorities, whether tbe allegations bring these plaintiffs within the principle entitling a private citizen to sue in such cases. If we look beyond our own decisions, we find much conflict in the cases applying the rule. We incline to the opinion, without undertaking to discuss and reconcile them, that upon the allegations in the complaint, plaintiff Fowle is, upon the authority of Manufacturing Co. v. Railroad, supra, entitled to maintain the action. Baird v. Shore Line Railroad Company, 6 Blatchf. (C. C.), 276 ; Hickok v. Hine, 23 Ohio St., 523 ; Wood on Nuisances, 853. The right of plaintiffs Pedrick and Jones is much more doubtful. We do not very clearly perceive how their right to use the right of navigation for the purpose of having their boats to pass up and down the river differs, in kind, from that of all other persons. Mr. Wood says: “It is not enough that he has sustained more damage than another; it must be of a different character, special and apart from that which the public, in general, sustains, and not such as is common to every person who exercises the right that is injured.” Nuisances, 646. In Clark v. C. & N. Railroad Co., 70 Wis., 593, Lyon, J., says: “The complaint herein alleges that the plaintiff owns a steam yacht, upon which he desires to travel daily and carry passengers between Neenah and Appleton; that in his business of a manufacturer he is largely interested in transporting freight up and down the Fox Eiver, past the point where defendant’s bridge is located, and would transport such freight by river but for the bridge; but now boats, passengers and freight have to take a circuitous route by reason of the bridge. The complaint fails to state where the plaintiff’s business is carried on, or that he owns any — 498 — property affected by the alleged nuisance; or that he has ever made any attempt to pass the bridge or that he has any riparian rights affected by it. The whole substance of the complaint is that he desires to navigate the Eos River, where the bridge stands, with his yacht, and to transport passengers up and down the river at that point, but cannot do so because of the bridge, and is compelled to take a longer route to reach desired points. If there is any element of special damage alleged in the complaint — damage not suffered by the whole public, who navigate or may desire to navigate Fox River between the same points — we fail to discover it.” Manson v. Railroad, 64 S. C., 120; Swanson v. M. & R. Boone Co., 42 Minn., 532. We are of the opinion that the plaintiffs, other than Mr. Fowle, fail to show any right to sue. It is not very clear that he has such right, but, as he alleges that he owns and operates a mill on the banks of the river and is, in that sense, an abutting owner, we think, and, for the purpose of passing upon the other questions, hold that the action will lie. It is held by some courts, and with reason, that a court of equity will entertain a bill to enjoin a proposed public nuisance by one who might not be able to maintain an action at law. “The strictness of the original rule has been greatly modified since the days of Lord Coke,” Joyce on Nuisances, sec. 424; Wiley v. Elwood, 134 Ill., 281 (28 Am. Rep., 673; 9 L. R. A., 726). In such cases the reason upon which the principle is founded, to avoid a multiplicity of suits, does not apply. It is uniformly held, however, that the courts in such cases will act with great caution in interfering at the suit of private citizens. The State is the proper party to complain of wrong done to its citizens by a public nuisance. In regard! to the second question, it will be well to state, as the basis of this discussion, a few elementary principles, before proceeding to consider the peculiar language of the — 499 — charter. The power to regulate the use of navigable waters in the State, subject to the power iu the National Government, is in the General Assembly. ' The law is thus stated by Battle, J., in State v. Dibble, 49 N. C., 108; “The Neuse River having been thus recognized as a navigable water, the defendants had the right, in common with all other citizens, to navigate it with their boats and, as an incident of such right, to remove all obstructions not put there by or under the sovereign power. It is admitted that the sovereign power in this case is the General Assembly of the State.” It is clearly within the power of the Legislature to authorize a railroad corporation to cross and, of course, erect a bridge over a navigable stream; both constitute, in this sense, a part of the system of public highways of the State. These propositions are not denied by the learned counsel for plaintiffs. It is suggested that, by a proper construction 'of the charter, the defendant is restricted to the construction of a bridge across the Tar River, and that the eastern terminus of this river is at Willow Point, about three miles above the town of Washington. Defendant suggests that the point is not the terminus of Tar River, but that it continues, by that name, until it reaches and passes the town of Washington. It is conceded that the eastern terminus of the river is not fixed by any legislation. We do not deem it at all decisive of the right of defendant to cross the river “near” Washington to fix the exact terminus. It is evident from the language of the records and affidavits that, whatever may have been the understanding in the past, the town of Washington is now understood to be located on the Pamlico River. We note that the charter of the Washington Toll Bridge Company, granted 24 December, 1812, empowers the company “to build a bridge across Tar River, above the town of Washington, in Beaufort County, and near the said town, to commence at Bridge Street.” Washington Toll Bridge Co. v. Commissioners, 81 — 500 — N. C., 461. It also appears from tbe record set out in that case that subsequent legislation referred to it as Pamlico River. The Century Dictionary refers to Tar River as “flowing into Pamlico Sound. It is called in its lower course, Pamlico River.” In “North Carolina and its Resources,” a work published by authority of the State Board of Agriculture (1896), p'. 122, it is said of Tar River: “At Washington it expands into a broad estuary, navigable for sea-going vessels, and thence takes the name of Pamlico River.” We note these descriptions of the river, not as showing that Washington is, as a matter of law or fact, on the Tar River, but as indicating that the exact terminus is not known, and that in construing the charter this fact should be kept in view. It is well known that in our State other rivers have been called by more than one name in different localities. The purpose of the Legislature was to authorize the defendant to construct a road from Raleigh to Greenville, thence on the south side of Tar River to Washington, which is on the north'side of the river, the exact status of which, in respect to its name, is not ascertained. No one doubts that the road was to cross “the river in Pitt or Beaufort' counties above, or near, the town of Washington, as shall be determined by the board of directors.” These facts are thus settled: it was to cross the river from the south to the north side, to some point “above or near the town of Washington.” It is not seriously contended that the road must cross at Willow Point, or that to cross at such point1 is either desirable or practicable. We fully concur with the position of the learned counsel for plaintiff in regard to the rule by which grants of power to corporations are to be construed. The authorities cited sustain them. “All public grants are strictly construed; nothing can be 'taken against the State by presumption or inference.” Delaware Railroad Tax, 18 Wall., 206; State v. Freeport, 43 Me., 202. In ascertaining whether the charter — 501 — of a railroad authorizes tbe construction of a bridge over a navigable stream, being in derogation of a public right, the rule of strict construction would be invoked, and the power would not be found unless expressly given. The construction of somewhat similar language was before the Supreme Court of Massachusetts, in Fall River Iron Works Co. v. Railroad, 87 Mass., 221, where Bigelow, C. J., said: “We cannot doubt that where an unrestricted grant of power is made to a corporation to construct a road between two points, it carries with it the right to cross navigable watersj if they interfere in a course or route which is otherwise reasonable and practicable, and if the road can be constructed without destruction of the public easement or seriously impairing its convenient enjoyment and use.” The power to cross the river is given by necessary implication. It would be to attribute to the Legislature either ignorance of the geography of the State or a purpose to trifle with an important subject to say that it did not know that to leave Greenville at a point on the south side of Tar River and go to Washington did not necessarily involve crossing some river “above or near’ Washington.” Having reached the conclusion that the defendant has, by its charter, the right to cross, that is, construct a suitable bridge over the river, the question arises, whether it is restricted to such crossing above Washington. To adopt this construction would be to eliminate the word “near.” If the Legislature intended to fix the point of crossing definitely “above” Washington, it was unnecessary to use the word "near.” As said by the Supreme Court of Massachusetts: “The first and most obvious suggestion is, that the Legislature did not intend to fix with absolute certainty and precision the point of departure for the new road, which the defendants were authorized to build. In using language which was so vague and indefinite as to leave open for future determina — 502 — tion tbe location of this point, it is clear that, owing to' the nature of the ground, or for some, other sufficient reason, it was not deemed expedient or necessary to fix it with accuracy. It is also clear that in thus omitting to designate it, it was their intention to delegate the power of locating it definitely to the defendants or their agents, and 1» vest in them the exercise of the needful judgment and discretion to carry into effect the authority which they intended to grant.” Earn-ham on Waters, 321 (a). Thus, we find in the defendant’s charter, power given the board of directors to determine the point of crossing the river — of course, to be exercised'within the limits of the grant — “above, near” the town of Washington. This is the usual form in which the termini of proposed railroads are fixed. It is necessarily so, because we know from observation that the exact termini of railroads are never fixed until after the charter is granted; hence, words similar to those found here are generally used, followed by the power to the directors to fix them by survey or otherwise. Justice Bigelow, in the case cited, says: “It follows, that unless the defendants have clearly exceeded the limits of this discretion, and have acted either in bad faith or in disregard of the just limits which by a reasonable construction of the words of the statute should be put on their power to fix the terminus a quo, they cannot be deemed to have invaded the plaintiffs’ rights, or be held amenable to process, restraining them from prosecuting their work and constructing their road, according to the plan * * * They are authorized to commence at a given point, or near it. If they embrace the latter alternative, a -wide range is necessarily left open to them. The word “near,” as applied to space, can hare no> positive or precise meaning. It is a relative term, depending, for its signification, on the subject-matter in relation to which it is used and the circumstances under which it becomes necessary to apply it to surrounding objects.” Wood Nuisances, sec. 274. — 503 — We think tbis correctly states tbe rules of construction, and, applying it to tbis case, we are of tbe opinion that it was witbin tbe limits of tbe power conferred upon tbe directors of tbe defendant, acting in good faitb, and a due regard to tbe rights of tbe public, to locate tbe bridge below tbe town of Washington. ■ We are thus brought to a consideration of tbe question whether tbe location, in tbe light of tbe evidence before us and for tbe purpose of disposing of tbis appeal, is reasonably necessary to tbe accomplishment of tbe purpose for which tbe power is granted, and whether, in tbe light of such evidence, we can say that it is reasonably practicable' to locate tbe bridge above tbe county bridge. We concur with tbe plaintiff in saying that if tbe location of tbe bridge below tbe town will create a nuisance, and if defendant reasonably can accomplish the same purpose by placing it above the town, tbe charter will be so interpreted as to confine it to such location. 16 A. and E. Enc., 1001 (1 Ed.). In Hickok v. Hines, 23 Ohio St., 523, it is said: “Corporations or public officers are not authorized to obstruct tbe navigation of a river under a legislative grant of power, merely for tbe building of a bridge across tbe river, when tbe bridge can reasonably be constructed so as not to destroy tbe navigability of tbe river.” In that case the Court found that the effect of tbe proposed bridge “would effectually destroy all navigation and practically destroy tbe navigability of the river above tbe bridge.” Tbe right to build a bridge was not denied, but tbe contest related to tbe hind of bridge that-might lawfully be constructed. An injunction was sought only against the building of a bridge “ without a drawTilman v. Wolfe, 27 Texas, 68, was an action for damages for obstructing a navigable stream. Tbe jury found that tbe obstruction was a nuisance, and tbe Court held that the statute — 504 — under which, plaintiffs in error constructed the bridge did not authorize them to do so. We have held at this term, in Thomason v. Railroad, that power conferred upon a railroad company to construct and operate a railroad must be exercised with a due regard to the rights of the public and of the owners of property abutting or near to the road. In Met. Asylum Dist. v. Hill, 6 L. R. (1880-81), 193, the jury, upon an issue submitted, found that the erection of the hospital for the reception of smallpox patients would be a nuisance, endangering the health of the persons living near-by. It was ruled by the House of Lords that the language of the statute did not authorize the establishment and maintenance of the nuisance. The power being in the Legislature to authorize the obstruction of a navigable stream by the erection of another highway, as a county bridge or a railroad bridge, the courts will not undertake to control the exercise of the power. The question whether the proposed bridge, if an" obstruction, is necessary for the public convenience, is for the Legislature, but in interpreting statutes, by which it is claimed the power is conferred, the courts will apply the rule of strict construction and interpret them upon the theory that the Legislature did not intend to confer power to unreasonably or unnecessai'ily obstruct the highway or navigation. Earnham on Waters, sec. 1296. Eor the purpose of deciding the controverted questions of fact, necessary to dispose of the motion for an injunction, in no manner ■ affecting the rights of either the State or such persons as may be entitled to sue, to have these questions in some appropriate action decided by a jury, we are confined to the complaint and answer, together with the affidavits and exhibits filed. It is not seriously contended that the proposed bridge will obstruct, that is, altogether prevent, boats, barges or rafts passing up and down the river, or. that in the — 505 — mode of its construction, in respect to tbe draw and tbe caisson, upon wbicb it rests, tbe most approved methods bave not been adopted. Tbe objection is directed to tbe location of tbe bridge, and not to its kind or construction. It is alleged, and not contradicted, that it is being constructed in accordance with tbe plans and specifications of tbe War Department and its engineers. Tbe power to compel .the management of tbe bridge after its construction, by requiring tbe draw to be kept open at all proper times, tbe removal of rafts or debris, tbe dredging of tbe channel, if found to fill up by reason of tbe caissons, and in all other respects in which tbe public welfare, interest and safety is involved, is ample in both Federal and State governments. We are, therefore, to eliminate all other questions and consider tbe testimony only in regard to tbe location. We find, upon an examination of tbe authorities, a recognition of tbe principle that where two rights exist, public as well as private, they must be used and enjoyed in tbq light of tbe maxim “Sic utere ” etc. People v. Railroad Co., 15 Wend., 134. Tbe rule laid down by Mr. Famham, and wbicb we think correct, is: “As commerce upon land has increased and become more important, its requirements bave modified to some extent tbe old rule wbicb prevented any interference whatever with navigation rights, and each right modifies the other; so that tbe obstruction to tbe navigation will not be regarded as unreasonable and a nuisance, unless it is material and unnecessary in view of tbe requirements of tbe land traffic.” 2 Waters, 1290. He further says: “If a bridge is necessary for tbe convenience of tbe public, and does not prevent tbe free use of tbe stream as a public highway, although causing some slight inconvenience to those who bad been in tbe habit of navigating tbe stream by obliging them to take some additional precautions in passing it,-it is not necessarily a nuisance. Tbe fact that tbe channel is somewhat abridged, or that vessels -are delayed — 506 — to a slight degree, does not render the bridge a nuisance.” Mr. Justice McLean in Works v. Junction Railroad, Fed. Cases, No. 18046, says: “A draw-bridge over navigable water, although it unavoidably occasions some delay in passing it, is not necessarily such an obstruction to the navigation as to amount to a nuisance. The delay is submitted to 'in consideration of the benefits conferred.” The discussion of the Judge in this case is enlightening and apposite to the one before us. “To constitute nuisance, the obstruction must materially interrupt general navigation.” State v. Wilson, 42 Me., 9 ; Woodman v. Pittman, 79 Me., 456. In Attorney-General v. Del. & B. Railroad Co., 27 N. J. Eq., 1 (page 27), it is said: “The rule of law is that where a bridge over a navigable stream is erected for public purposes, and produces a public benefit, and leaves reasonable space for the passage of vessels, it is not indictable; and another rule is, that the bridge must appear plainly to be a nuisance before it can be so decreed, since a court of equity proceeding by bill, like a criminal court trying an indictment, must give the defendant the benefit of all reasonable doubts.” Williams v. Beardsly, 2 Carter (Ind.), 591. We have examined with care the affidavits filed in the case. Eliminating the complaint and answer, we find an irreconcilable conflict of opinion in the affidavits, while there is but little of fact. Seventeen persons who either own or operate sail, steam, or gas vessels and boats on said river, express the opinion that the proposed bridge will seriously impede, impair and obstruct navigation. Twenty-one persons who say that they are in the same position to form opinion, are equally explicit and positive in expressing the opinion that the proposed bridge will not materially burden, impede or obstruct navigation upon the said river, nor will it seriously interfere with or tend to diminish or discourage commerce upon the said river. Each of the affiants gives the reasons upon which — 507 — their opinions axe formed. It is impracticable for us to discuss them in detail; we are not sufficiently familiar with the questions involved to do' so intelligently. We take, merely as illustrating the divergence of opinion, the affidavit of Mr. Bell, who says that he is sixty-two years of age and has been for many years engaged in navigating the river. His opportunity is evidently good for forming an opinion. He says that the bridge will seriously obstruct navigation, giving his reasons therefor. Captain Springer, on-the other hand, says that for twenty-five years he has navigated the river. He says that in his opinion no such result will follow. Both appear, from their affidavits, to be intelligent, honest men. They are a fair sample of the other affiants. A large number of citizens engaged in alHdnds of occupations and professions express divergent opinions. If we were controlled in our judgment by numbers, the defendant would have the advantage. Eecurring to the parties to the action, we note that the complaint used as an affidavit is not verified by Mr. Pedrick or Mr. Jones. The affidavit of Mr. Haines is very full and explicit; he has large opportunities for knowing the conditions, and his opinions are entitled to much weight. Mr. Packard, an intelligent and evidently well-informed man and resident engineer of defendant, says that he has unusual opportunities for observing the character and class of commerce carried on upon the river. That he has made careful sounding examinations and surveys for the purpose of ascertaining the depth, width, character and course of the channel for a distance both above and below the town of Washington. He gives the result of his work as stated herein. He says that during the month of September pilings were driven at the points at which the center pier and end piers of the draw will be located. That from the time of the driving of the pilings to that of making the affidavit there has been left open some — 508 — thing more than half of the total space that will be provided for the passage of boats when the bridge- is completed; that during this time he has been daily either on the river or the shore opposite the proposed draw, and'has seen every day numbers of sailing vessels, steamers, gas boats, tugs and barges and tugs with rafts of logs pass through said space without delay, hindrance or difficulty. That during said time the wind has been variable, usually heavy tides have prevailed, and for a considerable portion of the time the weather has been what is commonly called stormy. Captain Mohan says that he is engaged in navigating the river, transporting lumber and general freight to and from Washington and Philadelphia and other northern points. That his “barge is a vessel of 432 tons, 183 feet and 7.inches on keel and about 190 feet and 10 inches beam andoabout 12 feet deep,” and one of the largest which “comes into these waters.” That barges can be navigated through the draw in the proposed bridge without difficulty, and that the bridge will not impede, burden or obstruct navigation. He gives the width of draws and manner of construction of bridges over a number of navigable rivers between Washington and Philadelphia, showing that the draw in the bridge in controversy corresponds with many others. ITe says: “Affiant does not know of any draw-bridge across any river in North Carolina that is more easy of access and less difficult to pass through, or that constitutes less of an obstruction to navigation than will the draw-bridge now being constructed by defendant.” In the light of this conflict of opinion and in view of the fact that courts of equity are cautious in interfering with a public improvement upon an allegation of apprehended injury, we would hesitate to enjoin the further construction of this bridge. Judge McLean in Works v. Junction Co., supra, a controversy much like this, says that where the evi509 deuce is equally balanced “the preventive and extraordinary remedy invoked ought not to- be given.” Several witnesses express the opinion that it would be practicable for defendant to locate its bridge above the county bridge. The testimony in this respect is conflicting. In Barnes v. Calhoun, 37 N. C., 199, plaintiff sought to enjoin the construction of a mill for that it would create a public nuisance, sobbing lands and injuring the health of the people. The testimony was conflicting. Judge Gaston said: “IJpon the whole, we confess that the strong leaning of our opinion is with those who think that the apprehensions of the plaintiff are not without foundation. But we do not, on that account, feel ourselves authorized to grant the extraordinary remedy which he asks of us. We entertain no doubt of the right of this Court thus to act in cases of undoubted and irreparable mischief, and we hold that it may thus act upon the application of individuals, not only in the case of a private nuisance, but where the individuals suffer special injury, in the case of a public nuisance also. Spencer v. London and Birmingham Railroad Co., 8 Simons, 193. But it will only act in a case of necessity, where the evil sought to be prevented is not merely probable, but undoubted. And it will be particularly cautious thus to interfere, where the apprehended mischief is to follow from such establishments and erections as have a tendency to promote the public convenience.” lie emphasized the right of the plaintiff to sue at law for damages, and, if necessary, upon a verdict establishing the nuisance, apply for equitable relief. In Attorney-General v. Lea, 38 N. C., 301, Judge Nash, citing Attorney-General v. Blount, 11 N. C., 384, says that the Court will enjoin a public nuisance “in a plain case.” (Italics his). In this case an injunction to enjoin the erection of a public mill was dismissed. In Simpson v. Justice, 43 N. C., 115, plaintiff sought to enjoin a private nuisance. Pearson, — 510 — ■J., says that the fact of nuisance must be established by an action at law or "by strong and unanswerable proof” (Italics his). The same principle controlled the Court in Wilder v. Strickland, 55 N. C., 389, Nash, C. J., saying that if the erection of the mill should result in a nuisance, the courts of law would be open to the complainants. Hyatt v. Myers, 73 N. C., 232; Dorsey v. Allen, 85 N. C., 358; Reyburn v. Sawyer, 135 N. C., 328. When we look into other jurisdictions we find the same rule uniformly adhered to. In Eaton v. N. Y. & L. B. Railroad Co., 24 N. J. Eq., 49, which was a bill to enjoin the construction of a bridge over a navigable water, the Chancellor said: “The work which is sought to be enjoined is a public enterprise of much importance to the people of the State, who, through their Legislature, have authorized its construction. I find no evidence of bad faith on the part of defendant, nor even any imputation of it. This Court is always reluctant to stay the progress of such enterprises, and will only do so in a case clearly calling for its intervention.” He further says that if the defendants have done any wrong or unauthorized act “they may be called to answer for it in a court of law. They receive no license or immunity by the refusal of this Court to interfere with them on this application.” There is another view; of the case pressed upon our attention. It appears that the defendant made contracts for the construction of the bridge and expended large amounts of-money in the preparation for its placing; that for several months it was at work thereon. That pilings were driven, the foundation of the structure made and, as one witness said, about one-fourth of the work done before any application was made for an injunction. It is said in reply to this that plaintiffs had made application to the Attorney-General to institute suit, and were awaiting action by him. While the delay in bringing the action is not controlling in our minds, — 511 — fwe cannot disregard the facts in the record. It is manifest that the question of the location of the bridge has been discussed by the citizens of Washington and the defendant for some time, and that there is a division of public opinion in regard to it. The reports of Captain Johnson of the engineer corps show this. The surveys were being made and many and most unmistakable steps were taken showing that defendant had selected the location for the construction of this bridge. The observations of the Chancellor in Eaton v. N. Y. & L. B. Railroad, supra, in this aspect of the case, are in point. It may be proper to say that we do not concur in the view pressed by defendant, that the decision of the Secretary of War permitting the location of the bridge is conclusive. The control of its navigable waters is with the State, the authority of the General Government being only cumulative protection from an interference with commerce. Lake Shore & M. Railroad v. Ohio, 165 U. S., 365. TJpon a careful review of the evidence and authorities, we concur with his Honor, and his judgment must be Affirmed. BeowN, J., did not sit on the hearing of this case.