Crenshaw v. Asheville & Biltmore Street Railway & Transportation Co.

Walker, J., after stating the case: The counsel for the defendant abandoned all assignments of error, except those which raised the question whether, upon the evidence construed most favorably for her, the plaintiff is entitled to recover. The testimony is voluminous, and we have held the case over from the last term in order that we might give it a most careful examination. There are few conflicts in it, and they are slight and not very material. When every disputed question of fact is resolved in favor of the plaintiff, it does not seem to us that she has made out a case. Indeed, it is clear to us that she has not, whether we consider the facts with reference to any omission of duty on the part of the defendant or with regard to her own negligence as the -efficient and proximate cause of the injuries received. No fault is imputed to the motorman in the management of his car up to the time that the plaintiff left the wagon and was apparently out of danger from any apprehended conduct of the mule. Indeed’ all of the evidence shows, and the case was argued upon that theory here, that the motorman had slowed down by shutting off the power and applying the brakes, so that he had the car completely under his control, .and the speed had been so reduced that it was moving very slowly as the point of danger, from the backing of the mule, was being passed. He acted promptly and showed every disposition to avoid an accident. Nor do we find any evidence in the case which tends to show that he relaxed his efforts in this respect at any time before the plaintiff was injured. We are not permitted to decide upon mere conjecture or to guess .how or by what combination of circumstances an injury may have been caused by the defendant’s negligence. The burden is always on the plaintiff to show by a preponderance of the — 320 — evidence that the defendant committed a negligent act and that it was the proximate cause of the injury. The two facts must coexist and be established by the clear weight of the evidence before a case of actionable negligence is made out. Brewster v. Elizabeth City, 137 N. C., 392. The kind of proof which must be forthcoming, in order to establish the issues in favor of the plaintiff, was considered recently by us in Byrd v. Express Co., 139 N. C., 273, where we said: “There must be legal evidence of the fact in- issue, and not merely such as raises a suspicion or conjecture in regard to it. The plaintiff must do more than show the possible liability of the defendant for the injury. He must go further and offer at least some evidence which reasonably tends to prove every fact essential to his success.” The rule upon this subject is stated in another form by Justice Douglas, for the Court, in Spruill v. Insurance Co., 120 N. C., at p. 147, as follows: “The action of the Judge (in directing a verdict) can be sustained only under the doctrine, firmly established in this State, that where there is no evidence, or a mere scintilla of evidence, or the evidence is not sufficient, in a just and reasonable view of it, to warrant an inference of any fact in issue, the Court should not leave the issue to be passed upon by the jury,' but should direct a verdict against the party upon whom the burden of proof rests.” Judge Gaston thus stated it in Cobb v. Fogalman, 23 N. C., 440: “Although the boundary between a defect of evidence and evidence confessedly slight be not easily drawn in practice, yet it cannot be doubted that what raises a possibility or conjecture (as to the existence) of a fact never can amount to evidence of it.” State v. Vinson, 63 N. C., 335. The rule as laid down in Spruill v. Insurance Co. is the one stated in Wittkowsky v. Wasson, wherein Justice Rodman says: “There must be evidence from which (the jury) might — 321 — reasonably and properly conclude that there was negligence.” To the same effect are State v. Powell, 94 N. C., 968, and State v. Satterfield, 121 N. C., 558. All the cases cited approve the rule as formulated by Justice Maule in Jewell v. Parr, 13 C. B. (16 E. C. L.), 916, as follows: “The question for the Judge is not whether there is literally no evidence, but whether there is none that ought reasonably to -satisfy the jury that the fact sought to be proved is established.” Ryder v. Wombwell, L. R., 4 Exch., 32. This rule is not intended, as said by Justice Douglas in Spruill v. Insurance Co., to interfere with the rightful province of the jury to pass upon the weight of the evidence, but it assumes that the determination of its “character and legal effect” belongs to the Court, and requires that this preliminary question be first decided before the evidence is submitted to the jury. The matter is discussed by Justice Connor for the Court, with a full citation of the authorities, in Lewis v. Steamship Co., 132 N. C., 904. In whatever form the rule may be expressed, we do not think the plaintiff has satisfied its requirement in this case. We may well assert that there is no evidence at all, not even a scintilla, and certainly none when the testimony is considered “in any just and reasonable view of it,” to warrant an inference of negligence on the part of the defendant. All of the evidence, on the contrary, tends to show that the danger to the plaintiff from the backing of the mule had passed when the motorman released the brakes and nothing, we think, occurred after that time which required that he should keep an eye on the plaintiff to prevent any harm coming to her from a collision with the car. She'was proceeding down the street, whether straight down or diagonally makes no difference. As her position was, in fact, a safe one; as she was in possession of her faculties and of her senses of sight and hearing and in full view of the car, — 322 — which she knew was passing; ,as it was daytime and her vision was unobstructed; as there were places of safety on the opposite side of the street from the railway track, or the west side, if there was, in fact, any danger and she was seeking a place of safety, and as there was no conceivable reason why she should have crossed the track just at that time, the conductor had the right to assume that she would keep in the safe way and not deliberately walk into the car, as she did,- or even attempt to cross the track in front of it, if such had been the case. Every reason appears in this case why he should have been thus impressed by the then situation. There is no evidence, within the rule we have already stated, that he saw -her at the time she attempted to cross the track and walked against the car. He was standing on the front platform, about four feet in front of her, when she walked against the car. Just as the plaintiff was stricken, either by the side of the car or by the handhold which is fastened to the side, he heard a lady scream, when he looked back and saw the plaintiff falling. The car was then stopped in a brief space of time and distance. The motorman knew, or must have known, that the plaintiff was fully aware of the presence of the car, because she had hailed him when danger first appeared and an accident seemed to be imminent; but knowing also that the danger had passed and-that the apple-vender had left with his mule, leading him up the street in an opposite direction from the plaintiff, he had a right to suppose that the plaintiff, being apparently and really able to do so, would .take care of herself and, having successfully escaped from one danger, would not walk into another so easily discernible by a mere glance of the eye. This Court has so treated the question in passing upon a similar state of facts. Mathews v. Railroad, 117 N. C., 640; Markham v. Railroad, 119 N. C., 715; Pharr v. Railroad, 133 N. C., 610; Meredith v. Railroad, 108 N. C., 616; Syme v. Rail — 323 — road, 113 N. C., 558; High v. Railroad, 112 N. C., 385; Parker v. Railroad, 86 N. C., 222; Doster v. Railway, 117 N. C., 651. See, also, Hall v. Street Railway Co., 168 Mass., at p. 463. The frigbt of tbe plaintiff at tbe time tbe mule sbied, if it continued to the time of tbe accident, was not caused by any negligence of tbe defendant and is in no way attributable to any wrong committed by it. It is something for which tbe defendant cannot be held responsible. Dummer v. Railroad, 108 Wis., 589. His Honor was therefore right in charging tbe jury that tbe “doctrine of sudden peril” has no application to this case and that tbe motorman was not bound to anticipate that tbe plaintiff, whether frightened or not, would leave a place of safety or, having left it, would go into a place of danger, when she might just as well have gone in another direction. And further, the motorman was not bound to presume that the plaintiff, whether frightened or not, would run into the car, when she could easily see and hear it. He had the right to presume, even to the last moment, when it was too late to save her, that she would not do so reckless an act. High v. Railroad, supra; Russell v. Street Railway, 83 Minn., 304 (86 N. W. Rep., 346) ; Parker v. Railroad, supra. If she had sufficient presence of mind to escape from the danger caused by the shying of the mule, why not enough to avoid the greater danger of a collision with the car? There is no evidence, therefore, from which any inference can fairly or reasonably be drawn — not even a scintilla of proof — that the plaintiff was so situated and circumstanced that she could not have heard and seen the car, or that she could not have looked or listened. We make an extract from her own testimony in this connection, so as to see what is her version of the facts: “Q. I believe, on your previous examination, you said something like this, did you not ? Tpu stated that when the — 324 — man first mentioned the ear you looked up and saw it coming about balf-way between tbe Heston House and Redwood’s bouse? A. Yes. “Q, You answered that, ‘Yes’; is that tbe'way you recollect it now? A. Yes. “Q. Listen to this: ‘About how near was that from you ?’ You answered, ‘I don’t know. I cannot estimate the distance. I failed to say that when I got out and threw up> my hand and the car was coming along about Mr. Redwood’s place, it came just oyer me in a flash that this mule was going to act badly; I must get away before the car gets there.’ Do you remember that ? A. Yes. “Q. Do you remember this ? ‘So I got out of the way of the wagon, and the first thing I did was to throw up my hands.’ A. Yes. ' “Q. Is that correct? A. What did you say? “Q. ‘So I got out of the way of the wagon, and the first thing I did was to throw up my hands.’ Do you remember that? A. Yes. “Q. Is that the way you remember it now ? A. Yes. “Q. You were out of the way of the wagon at that time ? A. I was out after I moved on, but I wouldn’t have been had I stayed still, for it was backing toward me. That is what caused me to move — because it was coming.” And again: “Q. You do not mean to say that you were crossing the track at the time the car struck you? A. Of course I did not mean that. • “Q, The complaint is inaccurate when it purports to give your statement that you were crossing the track? A. Yes.” But if it be conceded that there was any negligence in running the car, it cannot be successfully denied that the plaintiff was plainly guilty of such concurring negligence — 325 — on ber part, up to tbe very moment of the accident, as to bar her recovery. Indeed, she had the last clear chance for saving herself from harm and failed to avail herself of it, and she thus became, in the eye of the law, the responsible author of her injury, her negligent act being regarded as its proximate cause. This case is much stronger in favor of the defendant than those we have cited above from our own reports, as in them it appeared that the plaintiff, who was injured, was at the time on the track, while here the plaintiff was not on the track, but walked into the side of the car. Speaking of the rights of foot-passengers on streets, and the duty to use their powers of observation when approaching vehicles or street railways, the Court, in Railway Co. v. Block, 55 N. J. L., 612, said: “The degree of care required in approaching and crossing stre'et railways exceeds that required in approaching and passing foot-passengers, not because the right of the foot-passenger and the right of the driver of a vehicle differ, but because of the circumstances. The vehicle usually travels at a greater speed — it cannot be so quickly stopped or diverted from its course; a street car cannot deviate from its track, while a passenger on foot may quickly turn aside, or even retrace his steps.” On this part of the case the decision in Parker v. Railroad Co., 86 N. C., 222, and Bessent v. Railroad, 132 N. C., 934, are very muoh in point. A rational being should not needlessly venture into places of peril, and if he does he should use proper precautions to guard against injury. If he fails to do either and suffers damage in consequence thereof, it must be referred to his rash act and gross inattention to his own security as the true and efficient cause. Express Co. v. Nichols, 3 N. J. L., 439. But numerous courts have stated this principle with substantial uniformity, and we find that it has been applied to facts not unlike those now presented to us, and to the — 326 — extent of denying the plaintiff’s right of recovery. Canedo v. Street Railway Co., 52 La. Ann., 2149; Russell v. Street Railway Co., 83 Minn., 304; Doherty v. Street Railway Co., 118 Mich., 209; McQuade v. Street Railway Co., 39 N. Y., Supp., 335; Moser v. Traction Co., 55 Atlantic Rep., 15 ; McGrath v. Street Railway Co., 66 N. J. L., 312; Hall v. Street Railway Co., 168 Mass., 461; Murray v. Transit Co., 116 Mo., 183; Itzkowitz v. Railway Co., 186 Mass., 142; Dummer v. Electric Railway Co., 108 Wis., 122; Stowers v. Street Railway Co., 21 Ind. App., 434; Fritz v. Street Railway Co., 105 Mich., 50. See, also, Doster v. Street Railway Co., 117 N. C., 651. To nse the language of the Court in Railroad v. Freeman, 174 U. S., at p. 383: “She was (under the circumstances) bound to listen and to look before attempting to cross the railroad track, in order to avoid ah approaching train, and not to walk carelessly into- a place of possible danger. Had she used her senses she could not have failed both to hear and to see the train which was coming. If she omitted to use them, and walked thoughtlessly upon the track, she was guilty of culpable negligence, and so far contributed to her injuries as "to deprive her of any right to complain of others. If, using them, she saw the train coming, and yet undertook to cross the track instead of waiting for the train to pass, and was injured, the consequences of her mistake and temerity cannot be cast upon the defendant.” But it appears that the plaintiff was aware of the passing of the car, and if she held her head down as she attempted to cross the track, her inattention to her surroundings and her negligence were the more culpable, there being nothing, as we view the evidence, to prevent her from taking-proper care of herself. We do not decide that it is negligence in all cases, as matter of law, not to 'look and listen when about to cross a street railway track, as that question is not — 327 — before ns, and will depend for its correct solution upon the particular circumstances under review at the time. We hold, though, that upon the undisputed facts of this case, reasonable minds, guided by a sense of fairness, can reach but the one conclusion, which is that the defendant’s own negligence was the immediate and proximate and, we think, the only cause of her injury. As much as we deplore the unfortunate accident which has befallen the plaintiff, we are not permitted to relax those rules of the law which must be applied inflexibly and impartially to all cases coming within the principles they have established. “It is impossible,” said a learned and a just Judge, “to consider the plaintiff’s injuries without a feeling of profound sympathy. His misfortune was a severe one, but sympathy, although one of the noblest sentiments of our nature, which brings its reward to both the subject and the actor, has no proper place in the administration of the law. It is properly based upon moral or charitable considerations alone, and neither courts nor juries are justified in yielding to its influence in the discharge of their important and responsible duties. If permitted to make it the basis of transferring the property of one party to another, great injustice would be done, the foundation of the law disturbed and anarchy result. Hence, every proper consideration requires us to disregard our sympathy and decide the questions of law presented according to the well-settled rules governing them.” Laidlaw v. Sage, 158 N. Y., at p. 104. The true function of judge and jury could not be better stated. Street railway companies should be held to a strict accountability for the management of their cars and for the performance of their duty to the public which they serve. The care and vigilance required of them should be proportioned to the increased danger and hazard which the nature of their business ere328 ates; but while they are, and properly should be, thus answerable, under the law, for any breach of duty, we should not forget that they are also equally under its protection, and should not be made to pay when nothing is due. The Court erred in refusing to nonsuit the plaintiff. We must therefore reverse its judgment and direct, in accordance with the statute, that the action be dismissed. Reversed.