Dunn v. John L. Roper Lumber Co.

Walker, J., after stating the case: There are many exceptions in this record, but a careful analysis of them will disclose that they may be greatly reduced in number by classification, and that, at last, there are only a few when we confine ourselves to those which go to the real merits of the case. The two principal assignments of error are that the court in its charge permitted the jury to consider the doctrine, res ipsa loquitur, as applicable to the facts, and that defendant’s motion for a nonsuit and its prayer for a peremptory instruction that in any view of the evidence, if believed by the jury, the issue as to negligence should be answered in the negative, were refused. We are of the opinion there was evidence in this case which warranted the charge of the court to which exception was taken below. Where the plaintiff shows damage proximately resulting from the de [134] fendant’s act, which act, with the exercise of due care, does not ordinarily produce damage, he makes out a prima facie ease of negligence, which requires the defendant to go forward with his proof or take the chance of an adverse verdict, or, as otherwise stated: “The accident, the injury, and the circumstances under which they occurred are in some ca&es sufficient to raise a presumption of negligence, and thus cast upon the defendant the burden of establishing his freedom from fault. Proof of an injury, occurring as the proximate result of an act of the defendant which would not usually, if done with due care, have injured any one, is enough to make out a presumption of negligence. When a thing which causes injury is shown to be under the management of the defendant, and the accident is such as in the ordinary course of things does not happen if those who have the management use proper care, it affords reasonable evidence, in the absence of explanation by the defendant, that the accident arose from a want of care.” Ellis v. R. R., 24 N. C., 138; 1 Shearman and Redf. on Negligence (16 Ed. by Street), sec. 59; Aycock v. R. R., 89 N. C., 321; Lawton v. Giles, 90 N. C., 374; Haynes v. Gas Co., 114 N. C., 207. These general definitions were approved and the subject fully discussed in the recent case of Ridge v. R. R., 167 N. C., 510. The statement of the doctrine which has usually been accepted by the courts was that reported in Scott v. London Docks Co., 3 Hurlst. and C., 596. The maxim, res ipsa loquitur, does not dispense with proof, but permits the jury to draw a reasonable inference from circumstances which, prima facie and in the ordinary course of things, are generally indicative of negligence. It applies here because there is proof that the plaintiff did not move the lever which controlled the hammer-dog, and did not move the hammer-dog itself. The first and only thing he did was the effort he made to stop the falling hammer-dog, which, in some way, had escaped from its proper place, where it was held in position, and intended to be so held, by its own weight. The eccentric action of this implement might well be inferred to have been caused by some defect in the machine itself, of which it was an important part. There is also evidence that what is called the “nigger” could have jostled the hammer-dog out of place, “though, when it is at rest and out of use at the other end of the circle, it would take a considerable jar to do so.” The witness Barrett, who gave this testimony, also stated that the saw was oscillating, and that this does not occur if it is in good order and properly placed and adjusted. So we have a case not, in principle, unlike Ross v. Cotton Mill, 140 N. C., 115, and Morrisett v. Cotton Mills, 151 N. C., 31, where a machine was suddenly and unexpectedly set in motion and the doctrine we are discussing was applied, the Court holding that evidence, which was not [135] more convincing than that we have in this record, was sufficient to raise a prima facie case of negligence under the maxim. The more recent case of Deaton v. Lumber Co., 165 N. C., 560, seems to be directly applicable to the facts of this case. It appeared there that the plaintiff, who was in the employ of the defendant, was engaged in operating a .sawing machine and “that a cut-off saw which had been placed in a hood or shield, and should have remained there, sprang forward out of the shield and injured him.” If the facts of the two cases are even casually compared, they will be found to bear the very closest resemblance to each other, if they are not substantially alike; and upon the facts in the cited case, the Court did not hesitate to apply the doctrine, res ipsa loquitur. Justice Brown thus states the Court’s opinion upon those facts: “We think that this version of the testimony would justify the jury in drawing the inference of negligence in the manner in which the saw had been placed in its bearings. The manner in which the saw unexpectedly sprang out of the shield and injured the plaintiff, in the way testified by him, is very conclusive evidence that there was something unusually wrong with it, and presents a case where the doctrine of res ipsa loquitur will carry the case to the jury. In this case the facts and circumstances attending the injury speak for themselves, and in the absence of explanation or disproof give rise to the inference of negligence. It is evident that the accident would not have occurred if the saw had not unexpectedly sprung out of its protecting shield. Why it did so is not very clear, but the circumstance calls upon the defendant for explanation.” The court, in its charge, did not leave the jury to decide solely upon the naked doctrine of res ipsa loquitur, but required the jury, in addition, to find that “the fact and circumstance” of the hammer-dog falling upon the saw “came from a want of reasonable care and inspection on the part of defendant,” and that it was the proximate cause of the injury. This instruction necessitated a finding by the jury that defendant had -failed in its duty toward the plaintiff, whereby he had been injured as described by him, and was not a strict application of the rule that “the thing itself speaks.” The jury were further told that they could draw the inference of negligence, or not, after they had heard the defendant’s evidence, or, in other words, from the entire evidence. This disposes of the exceptions numbered 11, 14, 17, 18, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, and 25. The part of the charge to which exception 26 was taken was no more than a statement of plaintiff’s contention, except the latter part of it, which was favorable to defendant, as we have shown; and exceptions 27 and-28 were merely formal. The questions as to plaintiff’s inexperience, and his ignorance as to the condition of the machine and the necessity to warn him of any [136] special danger in using it were all material for the consideration of the jury. It is the legal duty of the master to provide a reasonably safe place where the servant may work and reasonably safe tools and appliances with which to perform his work, and in order that the master may discharge this duty, he should make reasonable inspection of them from time to time, so that the place, the machinery, implements and appliances may be kept in proper condition — such an inspection as an ordinarily prudent man would make under the same circumstances, if the risk were wholly his own. Marks v. Cotton Mills, 135 N. C., 287; Parrott v. Wells, 15 Wallace (U. S.), 524; Hicks v. Mfg. Co., 138 N. C., 319; Moore v. R. R., 141 N. C., 111; Pigford v. R. R., 160 N. C., 93; Steele v. Grant, 166 N. C., 635; Cochran v. Mills Co., 169 N. C., 57. A cognate duty, which rests upon the master, in order to secure the' safety of his servant while at work, is the one of careful instruction, if the servant be inexperienced or “green,” to the end that he may know how to handle the particular machine or- other appliance, and may understand and appreciate the dangers in its use. Marcus v. Loane, 133 N. C., 54; Chesson v. Walker, 146 N. C., 511; Avery v. Lumber Co., ibid., 592; Craven v. Mfg. Co., 151 N. C., 352; Wood v. McCabe, ibid., 457; Horne v. R. R., 153 N. C., 239. These well settled principles dispose of the fifteenth and sixteenth exceptions. It was also competent and relevant under them to show that plaintiff was not an experienced dogger, and was not properly instructed as to his duties, and did not know of any defects in the machine or of any dangers in the use and operation of it. It was also competent to inquire as to the condition of the saw, and, of course, in this connection, as to what effect brazes on it would have upon its strength and fitness for the work. It all tended to show the true situation at the time the hammer-dog fell on the saw and splintered it, and plaintiff’s inability to take care of himself. This covers the 1st, 2d, 3d, 5th, 6th, 7th, and 10th exceptions. It was relevant to show whether the steam nigger, if defectively working, could cause the dog to rise over the metal arch upon which it moved and fall on the saw; but this is not what the witness said, as he merely answered that-he had seen such a thing occur. He was not giving an opinion, but testifying to a fact which had come under his observation. And it was also proper to prove anything unusual, or out of the ordinary, in the operation of the machine, either the peculiar noise it made or its swaying or oscillating motion, or anything else of a like kind, which indicated that it was not in good order, for the allegation is that the machine being defective was what caused the injury. It was for the jury to say whether the plaintiff moved the hammer-dog in the careless operation of the machine or whether it was forced from its place by some defect in the machine itself. The question as to the use of in [137] ferior saws by defendant was not answered so as to do any barm, for tbe witness disclaimed any knowledge of it. It was not claimed that there was any defect in the hammer-dog itself, but that it was not sufficiently secured, or, if this was not so, that a defect in the machine caused it to fly out and drop on the saw. If the plaintiff was not responsible for the movement of the hammer-dog, and the jury found that he was not, it must have been either improperly secured or some defect in the machine, either in its original construction or in its needed repair, must have caused the hammer-dog to fall on the saw. It is not always a full performance of the master’s duty to provide merely for his servant implements and appliances which are known, approved, and in general use. He will still be liable- for any injury proximately resulting from a failure to perform that duty in any other respect. He is not permitted to put defective machines or appliances in the hands of his servant with which to do the work, even though they may be of the requisite model, or type; and if he is negligent in so doing, and thereby causes injury to the servant, he must answer in damages for the wrong. Ainsley v. Lumber Co., 165 N. C., 122; Kiger v. Scales Co., 162 N. C., 133. This rule has frequently been recognized by us in negligence cases. It is a part of his obligation to furnish appliances, “which are known, approved, and in general use,” but not necessarily all of it, and if he complies with that part of it, and is otherwise negligent in not supplying a reasonably safe place for the work to be done, or reasonably safe machinery, tools and appliances with which to do it, he falls short of the legal measure of bis duty. In this case the injury was caused neither by the saw nor by the hammer-dog alone, or acting separately, but by both together, they being in rapid motion and coming together with great violence, which ' caused the heavier body to almost demolish the other, and so shiver it that plaintiff was cut and injured by the flying pieces. This was the proximate cause of the damage. Several of the objections were taken to a mass of evidence, some of which was competent. Where this is the case, the objection is too broad. It should be confined to the incompetent part of the evidence. S. v. Ledford, 133 N. C., 714; Ricks v. Woodard, 159 N. C., 647. We conclude that there was no error in. the trial. No error.