Braithwaite v. Aiken

The opinion of the court was delivered by Corliss, C. J. The judgment in this litigation in favor of the plaintiff has already been affirmed by this court as to two of the defendants. Braithwaite v. Power, 1 N. D. 455, 48 N. W. Rep. 354. While the appeal of these two defendants was pending in this court, the remaining defendant, Harvey Harris, as administrator of the estate of Joseph Leighton, deceased, made a motion for a new trial on various grounds, which was granted not only as prayed for, but to the extent of destroying the entire judgment, not only as against Harris as administrator, but also as against the two defendants who previously had been unsuccessful in their efforts to secure a new trial, and who were, at that moment challenging in this court the decision of the trial court refusing them this relief. The recitals in the order granting .them a new trial, and the sweeping language of the order, force us to the conclusion that the trial court has assumed to grant a new trial as to defendants, over which it had' no jurisdiction for that purpose, because they theretofore had removed the judgment and record to this court by appeal. We will not discuss the power of the trial court to render the judgment of this court nugatory before it is promulgated. We think the court erred in awarding the new trial, even assuming that the order affected the verdict and judgment only so far as the interests of the defendant, Harris, were concerned. While the motion was made upon several grounds, and while the order does not disclose the precise foundation on which it stands, yet we are relieved from the necessity of demonstrating that it can rest upon none of the grounds set forth in the notice of inten-. — 60 — tion, with the single exception o£ the ground of newly discovered evidence, by the concession of respondent’s counsel that all other grounds are abandoned. The only defense which it can be claimed that the newly discovered evidence would tend to establish is that of payment. The first paper which the record discloses is a petition made in form by Harris, the administrator, but, as it is verified by one of the attorneys for the administrator upon information and belief, it is difficult to see what weight is to be given it. Moreover, it contains nothing of importance, except the admission of Joseph Leighton in his lifetime that he had paid the plaintiff’s claim. We fail to see that this was an admission against his own interest. It would, indeed, be a novel rule that a new trial could be granted upon evidence which must be rejected when offered on trial as the worst form of hearsay. In the affidavit of W. B. Jordan there is a repetition of these solemn admissions of Leighton that he had settled the plaintiff’s claim. The only pretense of any legal evidence of payment is a receipt claimed to have been found among the papers of Joseph Leighton after his death. It reads as follows: 'rSt. Paul, Minn., October 19,1883. $150.00. Received of Joseph Leighton one hundred and fifty dollars and 00-100, the same being in full for interest and profits in Str. Eclipse and E. Y. Batchelor to date. Jos. McO. Biggert.” What possible connection there is between the receipt and the claim of plaintiff, which is for freight for transporting army s tores in 1880, it is impossible to conceive. No explanation is offered. The receipt refers expressly to interest and profits in steamers Eclipse and E. Y. Batchelor, and not to compensation for carrying freight for Leighton and others upon the steamers three years before. By his own terms it precludes the idea that it records a settlement of the claim in controversy in this action. It is clearly explained by the affidavit of Joseph McC. Biggert, who signed the receipt. His explanation is not controverted. He says that some time after the sale of the steamer Eclipse, in the spring of 1881, to Joseph Leighton, he was employed by Mr. Leighton as agent of that steamer, and of the steamer E. Y. Batchelor, at Bismarck, and that he was to be paid $150 per month and one-eighth, of the earnings of each of the boats for — 61 — Ms services; that he remained in the employ of Mr. Leighton under this contract during the season of 1881, and that in 1883, at the request of Mr. Leighton, he went to Fort Buford to close the books of these steamers for 1881; and that he finally accepted $150 in full for the balance of the salary due him, and gave the receipt in question. The force of this affidavit is sought to be destroyed by the assertion that Joseph McC. Biggert, who made the affidavit, would not be competent to testify to these facts, because they constituted transactions with and statements by the deceased Joseph Leighton, and that the statute seals Biggert’s lips as against the representatives of Leighton, he being interested, it is claimed, in the recovery. To support this view, respondent refers to § 5260, subd. 2, Comp. Laws. We do not think that the case falls within the statute. At common law, neither a party to a suit nor one not a party, but:merely interested in the litigation, could be sworn as a witness. Our Code has abrogated this rule in sweeping terms, declaring in express language, not only that a party may be a witness, but that any one interested in the action- may be allowed to testify. Both classes are expressly named in that portion of § 5260 which changes the old rule. But both classes are not expressly named in subdivision 2 of the same section, which qualifies the scope of this sweeping change. It is only a party who will not be permitted to testify as against the representatives of a decedent. Persons merely interested are not there mentioned. They stand, so far as this section is corncerned, under the new rule enunciated in the first, part of the section. They máy testify in all cases without any such restriction. Parties and persons interested, it is declared, may testify in all cases; but parties only are- declared incompetent to testify as against the representatives of a decedent. Interested persons are left under the new rule. Under statutes practically the same, the same conclusion has been reached. We cite the following cases in support of our decision that Joseph McC. Biggert, not being a party to the action, would be competent, under § 5230, subd. 2, Comp. Laws, to testify to the facts stated in his affidavits, however much he might be interested in the recovery: Berry v. Sawyer, 19 Fed. Rep. 289; Potter v. Bank, 102 U. S. — 62 — 163. The action was not prosecuted for the immediate benefit of Biggert. However, it is only necessary to look upon the receipt alleged to have been newly discovered to see that no court would be justified in submitting it to a jury as any evidence of payment, without evidence connecting it with plaintiff’s claim in this case. Nor is it probable that the jury would have rendered a different verdict had the receipt been received in evidence and considered on the trial. No attempt is made to connect it with the plaintiff’s claim, which forms the basis of this action, by any evidence that would be competent on a new trial. “ The evidence must be such as to render a different result probable on a re-trial: This is a consequence of the provision that the cause for which a new trial may be granted must be one materially affecting the substantial rights of the party. If there be no probability that the new evidence would change the result, its absence cannot be said to have materially affected the substantial rights of the party.” Hayne, New Trials & Ap'p. § 91, and cases cited. To same effect, Spottiswood v. Weir, 80 Cal. 448, 22 Pac. Rep. 289; Grace v. McArthur, 76 Wis. 641, 45 N. W. Rep. 518. The evidence connecting the receipt and plaintiff’s demand for freight must be competent. Hayne, New Trials & App. § 91; People v. Voll, 43 Cal. 168. It is true that the"appellate court will uphold the ruling of. the trial court granting a new trial when it would have refused to disturb the decision of that court had a new trial been denied. But the discretion of the trial court must be legally exercised. It has bounds, and the appellate court will see that these limits are respected. The party recovering a judgment has valuable rights which cannot be dissipated by the judicial breath. There must be some ground for the new trial. Clifford v. Railroad Co., 12 Colo. 125, 20 Pac. Rep. 333; Lorenzana v. Camarillo, 41 Cal. 467. Said the court in the Clifford Case: “The general rule so often announced, that a stronger presumption obtains in favor of an order granting than one denying a new trial, is urged in the present case as a strong reason why the ruling shouldnot be disturbed. This rule should also be limited to cases wherein the ground on which the new trial was granted constitutes a legal ground for such order, and the alleged causes have — 63 — an actual existence.” But this rule should have but little weight in this case, for the reason that the judge by whom the new trial was granted was not the judge before whom the case was tried, and therefore was no better qualified by reason of having been present at the trial properly to exercise discretion in the matter than this court. “ The discretion vested in the trial court to grant or refuse a new trial is neither an arbitrary nor a general discretion. It is based on the theory that the judge who tries a case, having the parties, their witnesses and counsel before him, with opportunity to observe their demeanor and conduct during the trial, and to note all incidents occuring during its progress likely to - affect the result thereof, is better qualified to judge whether a fair trial has been had and substantial justice done than the appellate tribunal.” To the judge who granted this new trial the record was as cold and lifeless as it is to us. No recollection of the appearance, demeanor,, conduct of witnesses and parties; no impressions derived from the view of the trial and its manifold incidents — went to make up the judgment that deemed a new trial 'just. That judgment was the result merely of the comparison of one lifeless record with another — tüe affidavits with the record of the proceedings on the trial. The reason for the rule that the order granting a new trial is to be sustained, although the trial court would have been justified in reaching a different conclusion, and although the appellate court might deem a different conclusion the better one, therefore does not exist in this case; and the rule itself should not, under such circumstances, be rigidly followed, if followed at all. Comp. Laws, § 1697. But the order granting the new trial being defended only on the ground of newly discovered evidence, we are clear that, under the most liberal rule in favor of the decision of the trial court, the order cannot be sustained. So far as the receipt is concerned, it is entirely foreign to this case. Two other facts are set forth: It is claimed that there was a talk of settlement between Leighton and John D. Biggert, who, it is insisted, was acting for the parties interested in the freight, to recover which the action was, brought. The averment that he represented all the parties is on information and — 64 — belief, and no reason is assigned why some one familiar with the fact, does not make an affidavit as to his authority. It is stated in substance, that in this conversation Leighton informed Biggert that the claim in question had been paid. There was no legal evidence of the authority of John D. Biggert to bind the parties interested; and without such Authority the statements of Leighton made to him are only declarations in Leigh-ton’s own interest. “In asking for a new trial on the ground of newly discovered evidence, it is not sufficient for the moving party to state in his affidavit what, as he has learned, certain persons know about the matter, and how, as he believes, they will testify. He must produce the affidavits of the newly discovered witnesses as to what they know, and as to what they will testify.” Arnold v. Skaggs, 35 Cal. 686; Hayne, New Trial & App. § 93. It is singular that Leighton should have claimed to John D. Biggert, at this conversation on July 10, 1888, that the claim had long since been paid and settled, when it is undisputed that he (Leighton) wrote Biggert on June 27,1888, inquiring whether, in case he should settle with other parties, they would see him clear of Braithwaite, the plaintiff; and on July 21, 1888, 11 days after this alleged talk, he again wrote Biggert that whatever was due had been ready for the past seven years, and would be paid whenever he could safely pay either Braithwaite or Biggert. We find nothing in the affidavits used upon the motion which rises to the dignity of evidence of payment of the claim in question. Had such evidence been disclosed, then, no matter how strongly rebutted, the exercise of the discretion of the court in awarding the motion for new trial would not, except in a clear case, be disturbed. This is the true limit of the rule that the decision of the trial court will not ordinarily be interfered with. But there must be facts for the court to exercise its discretion upon, and these facts must be sufficient to enable the appellate court to see that the trial judge had some legal evidence showing a legal ground for a new trial because of newly discovered evidence. In such a case, the rule applies which makes the exercise of the discretion of the trial court binding upon the appellate court in the absence of a palpable abuse, al — 65 — though the latter court would have reached a different conclusion had it been called upon to exercise its own discretion in the first instance. In the language of the court in Clifford v. Railroad Co., 12 Colo. 125, 20 Pac. Rep. 333: “This rule should also be limited to cases wherein the ground on which the new trial was granted constitutes a legal ground for such order, and the alleged causes have an actual -existence.” An order granting a new trial is an appealable order. § 5236, subd. 3, Comp. Laws; Laws 1891, regulating appeals, § 24, subd. 3. This clearly indicates that the trial judge who grants anew trial must act, not arbitrarily, but upon facts showing a legal ground for a new trial. A principle important to be borne in mind on such an application is that the claim of newly discovered evidence is looked upon with suspicion; that the papers upon which the motion is based should be scanned in a spirit of distrust; and that the “strictest showing of diligence, and all other facts necessary to' give effect to the claim,” should be required by the court. Hayne, New Trials & App. § 87, and cases; People v. Sutton, 73 Cal. 243, 15 Pac. Rep. 86; Longley v. Daly (S. D.), 46 N. W. Rep. 247; Spottiswood v. Weir, 80 Cal. 448, 22 Pac. Rep. 289; Gaines v. White (S. D.), 47 N. W. Rep. 524. This salutary rule must have been ignored by the trial judge in awarding the new trial in this case. The statement which Mr. Jordan in his affidavit swears that John D. Biggert made out and signed in his presence was not newly discovered evidence at all. The statement was offered in evidence on the trial, and on motion of counsel was stricken out after having been received in evidence in the deposition of John D. Biggert. It would appear, nothing to the contrary being known, from the affidavit of Mr. Jordan, that John D.. Biggert himself made out the statement without any direction or aid from Joseph Leighton; and it is intended to carry the conclusion that, representing the parties, he had thus made an admission against their interests. But the inference which it is sought to have drawn, that the physical act performed by Biggert in making out this statement was the expression of his own knowledge of the matter, and hence an admission, is destroyed by what defendants themselves offered to prove by the testimony — 66 — of John D. Bigger t, who was sworn on behalf of defendants on the trial. They offered to prove by him that he made .out the statement from memoranda furnished him by Leighton; and he testified that he had no personal knowledge of the business of the boat. He could not bind the plaintiff by any statement, or thereby create evidence against him, as there is nothing to show that he had any authority to act for plaintiff, and there is no legal evidence that he was empowered to represent any one interested, in the claim sued upon. The order granting a new trial is reversed, with costs. All concur.