Dun v. Dietrich

Bartholomew, J. In February, 1883, the defendants, who are husband and .wife, executed to plaintiff a deed to certain real estate in the city of Bismarck. Subsequently, plaintiff purchased a claim under a tax deed upon said premises. The tax deed was based upon a city tax for a sidewalk abutting the premises, which sidewalk was constructed prior to the execution of the deed from defendants to plaintiff, and while the defendant, Joseph Dietrich, was the. fee owner of the premises. This claim is brought upon the covenants against incumbrances in the deed from defendants to plaintiff, to recover the amount paid for the claim under the tax deed. The case was tried to the court, and defendants px'evailed. Plaintiff bxdngs the case into this coui't. Numex'ous eri'ors ax-e assigned, but they all ax'ise under one of two points: First. Does the deed sued upon contain any covenants that will sustain this action? Secoiid. Was the claim for the sidewalk tax a valid lien against the property at the time of the conveyance? The second point becomes material only in case the fix'st is resolved in favor of the plaintiff. . The conveyance from defendants to plaintiff contains in the gi'anting clause the words, “do hex'eby gi'ant, bax-gain, sell, and convey,” etc. It also contains the following special [6] covenant: “And the said Joseph Dietrich, party of the first part, for his heirs, executors, and administrators, does covenant with the party of the second part, his heirs and assigns, that he is well seized in fee of the lands and premises aforesaid, and has good right to sell and convey the same in manner and form aforesaid, and that the same are free from all incumbrances,” etc. It is mot claimed in this court that either of the defendants is liable upon the last covenant quoted, as by its terms it is limited to the heirs, executors, and administrators of Joseph Dietrich. See Bowne v. Wolcott, 1 N. D. 497; 48 N. W. Rep. 426. Section 3249, Comp. Laws, provides: “From the use of the word ‘grant’ in any conveyance by which an estate of inheritance or fee simple is to be passed, the following covenants, -and none other, on the part of the grantor, for himself and his heirs, to the grantee, his heirs and assigns, are implied, unless restrained by express terms contained in such conveyance: First. * * * Second. That such-estate is at the time of the execution of such conveyance free from incumbrances done, made or suffered by the grantor, or any person claiming under him. Such covenants may be sued upon in the same manner as if they had been expressly inserted in the conveyance.” It is upon the implied covenant arising from the use of the word “grant” in the deed that plaintiff bases his right to recover in this court. This right is challenged by respondent on the ground that the subsequent express covenant against incumbrances found in the deed restrains the implied covenant. A number of the states have statutes similar to ours. These statutes have for their foundation an act of the colony of Pennsylvania passed in 1713, which act was in turn based upon the statute of 6 Anne, c. 35, passed in 1707. These statutes have a common object, and that is to raise certain covenants by the use of the word “grant” or “grant, bargain and sell,” against the grantor, — and sometimes his heirs also, as with us, — and in favor of the grantee, his heirs and assigns. Under the rule that covenants should be construed most strongly against the covenantor, courts have generally given effect to these implied covenants, even in cases where [7] there were limited express covenants, where the two were not inconsistent or were independent of each other, limiting the implied covenant against incumbrances to the personal act or sufferance of the grantor. Gratz v. Ewalt, 2 Bin. 68; Seitzinger v. Weaver, 1 Rawle 377; Funk v. Voneida, 11 Serg. & R. 109; Shaffer v. Greer, 87 Pa. St. 370; Finley v. Steele, 23 Ill. 56; Alexander v. Schreiber, 10 Mo. 460; Shelton v. Pease, Id. 473. This statute has repeatedly met the animadversions of courts by reason of its dangerous tendency, because “calculated to entrap the ignorant and unwary into liability which they never intended to incur,” and because “it has a bad effect to annex to words and arbitrary meaning far more extensive than their usual •import, and which must be unknown to all but professional men.” In this jurisdiction the use of the word “grant” is universal in conveyances of fee-simple estates, and it is almost equally universal that the parties to such conveyances guard their respective rights by the express covenants inserted. It is seldom, if ever, that a grantee receives a conveyance relying upon any covenants except such as are expressed, and certainly no grantor delivers a conveyance expecting to be held to a liability that he has not knowingly incurred. The only effect of the statute with us would seem to be to create liabilities not in the mind of both parties — probably of neither — at the time of the execution of the conveyance. But the implied covenants do not arise when inconsistent with the express covenants, or when it appears from the language used by the parties that it was not intended that any such covenant as that implied by the statute should take effect. Douglass v. Lewis, 131 U. S. 75; 9 Sup. Ct. Rep. 634; Finley v. Steele, supra; Weems v. McCaughan, 7 Smedes & M. 427. We held in Bowne v. Wolcott, supra, that when the covenant was limited to the heirs, executors and administrators of the giantor, and there was no charge of fraud or mistake in the deed, we were bound to presume that the parties intended the covenant to be so limited, and that the grantee accepted that covenant because he could get no better. Applying the law to this case, plaintiff accepted a deed [8] with an express covenant against incumbrances limited to the heirs, executors and administrators of Joseph Dietrich; that he accepted such deed because Dietrich refused to incur any personal liability upon such covenant. It is then morally certain that when the deed was delivered Dietrich did not intend to be bound by an implied covenant to a liability that he had refused to assume by an express covenant, and the plaintiff must have so understood it when he accepted the deed. This view is strengthened by the fact that, under our statute, the implied covenant applies to the grantor, his heirs, executors and administrators. It would be most unreasonable to suppose that the parties intended to have the representatives bound by one covenant and the grantor by another in the same deed. • It follows from these views that the lia-, bility of Joseph Dietrich under the implied covenant is restrained by the terms of the express covenant, and that there is no Covenant in the deed upon which Joseph Dietrich can be held in this action. The defendant, Nora Dietrich, is not a party to the express covenant, but, under the authorities already cited, the implied covenant is limited to the personal acts or sufferance of the grantor. Nora Dietrich had no interest in the land conveyed except her homestead interest. No obligation, legal or moral, rested upon her' to pay the sidewalk tax, and it was not an incumbrance created or suffered by her. It follows that there is no covenant in the deed upon which plaintiff can recover in this action, and the judgment of the lower court must be affirmed. (53 N. W. Rep. 81.) All concur.