Torgerson v. Hauge

Goss, J. The quarter section, the subject matter of this suit, was bhe government homestead of Torger J. Hauge. It is the southwest quarter of 6, township 149 north of range 71 west, and within Wells ■county. Torger Hauge made proof thereon in 1902. Britha Hauge, .now his widow, is still living. Their children were the defendants •other than the widow appellant, and also their youngest son, Andrew Torgerson. The plaintiffs are his children suing by guardian the mother and the brothers and sisters of their father, Andrew Torgerson. Both Andrew Torgerson and his father, Torger J. Hauge, are dead. The son died from tuberculosis June 5, 1914, after a lingering illness. His father, Torger J. Hauge, died in October following. In 1899 Torger J. Hauge and his wife were living upon this tract ns their unproven government homestead. Andrew Torgerson, their youngest son, unmarried, was residing upon a government homestead near Balfour. The other four children of Torger and wife had married ■and had left the parental roof. In 1889 the father and mother entered into an arrangement with Andrew that he should return to their home, reside with and care for them for the balance of their lives, and should receive therefor all their property, including their unproven homestead, upon the death of both of them. Andrew thereupon made commutation proof upon his homestead near Balfour and sold it, realizing some ■$1,500 net from its sale. He immediately returned to the home of his .parents, purchasing a quarter of school land adjoining, and making the first payments thereon to the state with a portion of the proceeds from the sale of his homestead. He took possession of all personalty on the father’s homestead and cropped it, taking those also. The father soon afterward, in 1902, made proof upon his homestead and patent therefor presumably has been issued. In 1899 the father’s homestead was worth approximately $10 per acre. The buildings were of sod. Substantial frame buildings, consisting of a house worth twelve or fifteen hundred dollars, a large hip-roofed bam, worth from ten to twelve hundred dollars, and several other frame buildings, as granaries and the like, have been built upon the father’s homestead by Andrew since his return. There is substantial proof that a portion of the proceeds from the son’s homestead went into the frame house, the first building erected. The buildings and improvements, in the aggregate of the value of approximately $3,500, upon the father’s homestead, were placed — 652 — there by Andrew from part of the proceeds of the sale of his homestead, but in larger part from the crops he had raised upon the land in question and the school quarter. All the buildings and improvements were placed upon the father’s homestead, instead of upon the school land quarter, and during all the years from 1899 until Andrew’s death he had resided thereon. Andrew married in-1907, and he and his family, together with his father and mother, have always lived there. During all this time the old people had been well and comfortably cared for by the son and his wife, and were apparently well satisfied during these fifteen years with their condition and with the performance of the agreement under which they were maintained. Dor some years before the son’s death in 1911 he had been ailing, but no complaint has been made that during that time and up to his death the old people were not properly cared- for. In fact, the contrary is the proof. During all this time peace and harmony prevailed, and at various times the old people have referred to the understanding with Andrew, and declared that his wife and children in case of his death should not be dispossessed, but should perform the contract the same as Andrew did when living, and receive the same benefits. They even consented to the giving of a deed for said purposes a few days before Andrew’s death; but evidently for sentimental reasons such as the consideration for the feeling of the son during his last illness, they did not trouble themselves or him to make the transfer. This original understanding or contract does not rest entirely in parol. Soon after the return of Andrew in 1899, and evidently to carry out the agreement and place it and the good faith of the parties beyond question for all time, the father and mother had a will prepared, and which they executed and attested in the presence of witnesses, and subsequently delivered to Andrew. In part, it reads: “We do hereby jointly and severally give, devise, and bequeath to our beloved son, Andrew Torgerson, all our estate whether held jointly or severally, of whatever name, title, or description, real, personal, or mixed. This will to become operative only upon the death of the survivor of us. We do hereby make, constitute, and appoint Andrew Torgerson the forenamed, sole executor of this last will and testament without being required to give bonds for the discharge of his trust as such executor.” The possession of this will has been retained at all times by Andrew and since — 653 — bis death by his widow or the plaintiffs. Its execution and delivery is admitted and also is established by the uncontroverted proof. Each and all of the defendants knew of its provisions and the arrangement under which the son Andrew, and later his wife, had occupied the premises in question and cared for and maintained the old people. As above stated, the son died first, and at a time when the father was very feeble and in poor health and needed continuous personal attention and care. At Andrew’s death his widow was six months pregnant, and physically unable to render all the care to the aged parents of Andrew that was necessary, and was assisted by her sister and other hired help; and several times a week by another son, a brother of Andrew. Some six weeks after Andrew’s death, evidently under prearrangement for the purpose, but without informing Andrew’s widow thereof until it occurred, a meeting of the surviving brothers and sisters of Andrew, the defendants in this action, took place at the home of the old people and the widow and children, at which time the father and mother were induced to make a second will, under the provisions of which the father’s homestead, still standing of record in his name, was devised to all his children, share and share alike, devising to the three minor children of Andrew only a one-fifth share of this property. Its purpose was to disregard and annul the earlier will, and avoid any rights of the heirs of Andrew under it and the contract entered into in connection therewith and performed under for more than fifteen years. There is evidence in the record that the father and mother were reluctant to do this, but did it under the solicitation, if not under what amounted to the coercion and duress, of their other four surviving children, these defendants. There is evidence from which to conclude that the old lady and her remaining children, defendants, desired to keep this property from Andrew’s widow. And on the same day the aged couple were removed to the residence of one of the defendants. Andrew’s widow, realizing the drift that matters were taking, offered to care for the father and mother that they might remain with her, and that she would give them a home and fulfil the contract years before entered into with Andrew and frequently referred to in conversation with her or in her presence. This, they refused to do. Subsequently the administrator of Andrew’s estate made a similar offer, and also offered to contribute — 654 — a portion of the crops or a monthly allowance for their support, in the-performance and fulfilment of said previously existing contract. But this was declined. Soon afterwards the father died, being’ some seventy-four years old at the time of his death. The mother was seventy-four at date of trial. This action is brought by Andrew’s children by guardians, to enforce-said contract by having the property decreed to be held in trust by the mother for her support, but subject to the vested interests therein of the plaintiff’s minor children and heirs of Andrew Torgerson, deceased, and that the probating of the second will as establishing title adverse-to the interest of plaintiff be enjoined, and that the interests of the plaintiffs and the widow be defined and declared, and that the other-defendants take nothing. At trial the widow of Andrew filed a waiver-in favor of her four children of any interest she might have had in- said property. The relief asked was granted by the lower court. From its. decree the defendants appeal, demanding a trial de novo. On retrial-the facts are found as heretofore set forth in this opinion. The points argued in briefs will now be considered. It is asserted “that it was error to hold that plaintiffs have an estate and vested interest in said real property,” and “to hold that prior to his death Torger J. Hauge held the legal title to said land in trust for Andrew’s heirs,”’ and “that plaintiffs are entitled to the use, occupation, and possession of said land,” and defendants claim that the parents have never Avaived nor conveyed their homestead rights in said premises, and that the mother, Britha Hauge, “cannot be devested of the absolute use, occupation, and possession of said land by any substitution of other means-for her care and support.” It is undisputed that a Avill was made and delivered,- and the status of the parties Avas accordingly changed for fifteen years to conform to and comply with the agreement, the terms, of which were definite and specific. The Avill was executed under and in performance of the original contract and for a valuable consideration moving to the contracting parties, i. e., the value of the support, care, and maintenance of the aged couple, worth $300 per year under the proof, while the value of the crops and advantages to Andrew, present, and prospective, was considerable. “A Avill executed under an agreement founded upon a valuable consideration is contractual as Avell as testamentary. In the latter aspect. — 655 — it may be revoked without the consent of the beneficiary, but not in the former.” Syllabus in Nelson v. Schoonover, 89 Kan. 388, 131 Pac. 147. The opinion also has the following: “An agreement in writing-made upon sufficient consideration, to devise real estate, is enforceable by specific performance against the heirs or devisees of the testator. Newton v. Lyon, 62 Kan. 306, 310, 62 Pac. 1000; Bless v. Blizzard, 86 Kan. 230, 120 Pac. 351; Dillon v. Gray, 87 Kan. 129, 123 Pac. 878; 30 Am. & Eng. Enc. Law, 621,” also citing and quoting from 36 Cyc. 735, as follows: “An agreement to make a certain disposition of' property by will is one which, strictly speaking, is not capable of a specific execution, yet it is within the jurisdiction of a court of equity to do what is equivalent to a specific performance of such an agreement. Such a contract is enforced after the death of the promisor by fastening a trust on the property in the hands of the heirs, devisees, and personal representatives and others holding the property with notice of the-contract or as volunteers” 36 Cyc. 735. “A will duly executed in pursuance of an agreement based upon a valuable consideration becomes itself, in a sense, an enforceable cortr tract. The testator cannot by making a later will escape the obligation confirmed by the first one. 40 Cyc. 1068; Schouler, Wills, 3d. ed. § 452. The delivery of the will to the beneficiary has been treated as of importance in emphasizing the contractual feature of the transaction. 40 Cyc. 1068, note 2.” Nelson v. Schoonover, 89 Kan. 388-392, 131 Pac. 147. “There is no dissent in the authorities from the proposition that one may make a valid contract with another to devise or bequeath property by his last will in a certain specified way.” Morrison v. Land, 169 Cal. 580, 147 Pac. 259-261. An almost identical contract with this, except that the will had not been delivered to the beneficiary, was-nevertheless enforced in like manner in Whitney v. Hay, 181 H. S. 77, 45 L. ed. 758, 21 Sup. Ct. Rep. 537, in an appeal from court of appeals of District of Columbia, in an opinion by Justice Harlan. Therein are found facts closely parallel to here. “His [plaintiffs] plans of life were materially altered in order that he might take care of Piper and wife during their respective lives. Piper p-ut Hay in actual possession of the premises in question in execution of his agreement with Hay. But he failed to do that which was vital to Hay, namely, to put the absolute title to the property in him. Under all the circumstances, the: — 656 — failure of Piper to invest Hay with the legal title was such a wrong to the latter as entitled him, under .the established principles of equity, to the protection which would be given by a decree specifically declaring that the defendant holds the title in trust for him. We are of -opinion that such relief is consistent with the objects intended to be subserved by the statute of frauds; for the decree in favor of Hay does not charge Piper upon his parol contract with him, but rests upon the equities arising out of the acts and conduct of the parties subsequent to the making of the original agreement.” Another closely analogous case is Baker v. Syfritt, 147 Iowa, 49, 125 N. W. 998, holding that “where the will has been made pursuant to a valid contract, testator cannot by the act of revocation escape the ■obligations of his contract, nor will his heirs take any advantage by such revocation,” citing Robinson v. Mandell, 3 Cliff. 169, Red. Cas. No. 11,959; Dufour v. Pereira, 1 Dick. 419, 21 Eng. Reprint, 332; Breathitt v. Whittaker, 8 B. Mon. 530; Carmichael v. Carmichael, 72 Mich. 76, 1 L.R.A. 596, 16 Am. St. Rep. 528, 40 N. W. 173; Bruce v. Moon, 57 S. C. 60, 35 S. E. 415; VanDuyne v. Vreeland, 12 N. J. Eq. 142; Edson v. Parsons, 155 N. Y. 555, 50 N. E. 265; Bower v. Daniel, 198 Mo. 289, 95 S. W. 347; Amherst College v. Ritch, 151 N. Y. 282, 37 L.R.A. 305, 45 N. E. 876; Ahrens v. Jones, 169 N. Y. 555, 88 Am. St. Rep. 620, 62 N. E. 666; Re O’Hara, 95 N. Y. 403, 47 Am. Rep. 53. “The proposition is one which may be regarded as having-been accepted generally,” Baker v. Syfritt, supra, citing 1 Jarman, Wills, 27, 2 Story, Eq. Jur. § 785; Schouler, Wills, § 454; Walpole v. Orford, 3 Ves. Jr. 402, 30 Eng. Reprint, 1076, 4 Revised Rep. 38. See also Best v. Gralapp, 69 Neb. 811, 96 N. W. 641, 99 N. W. 837, 5 Ann. Cas. 464; citing also Kofka v. Rosicky, 41 Neb. 328, 25 L.R.A. 207, 43 Am. St. Rep. 685, 59 N. W. 788; Price v. Price, 111 Ky. 771, 64 S. W. 746, 66 S. W. 529, 531; Howe v. Watson, 179 Mass. 30, 60 N. E. 415; Svanburg v. Fosseen, 75 Minn. 350, 43 L.R.A. 427, 74 Am. St. Rep. 490, 78 N. W. 4; Owens v. McNally, 113 Cal. 444, 33 L.R.A. 369, 45 Pac. 710; Teske v. Dittberner, 65 Neb. 167, 101 Am. St. Rep. 614, 91 N. W. 181, and lengthy opinion in rehearing in 70 Neb. 544, 113 Am. St. Rep. 802, 98 N. W. 57. See also Bird v. Pope, — 657 — 73 Mich. 483, 41 N. W. 514, and. Young v. Young, 45 N. J. Eq. 27, 16 Atl. 921. Such is unquestionably the law. Early eases may be found as Cox v. Cox, 26 Gratt. 305, Snyder v. Snyder, 77 Wis. 95, 45 N. W. 818, and Bourget v. Monroe, 58 Mich. 563, 25 N. W. 514, in apparent conflict, but upon inspection are either later overruled or are distinguishable on facts from the one at bar. The legal title to these premises is held in trust for the plaintiffs, whose parents have substantially performed the contract as set forth under the facts. As to the homestead rights of defendant Britha Hauge, mother, she is shown to have signed and executed the will jointly with her husband and to have received support for years under reliance by Andrew upon its validity and its being a part performance of the agreement of her husband, fee owner. She should not now be permitted to revoke her will with its contractual provisions performed to her advantage and to now assert that said contract is invalid. To do so will be equivalent •of allowing her to defraud her son’s heirs by revocation of her will and repudiation of her contract. Nelson v. Schoonover, 89 Kan. 388, 131 Pac. 147; Teske v. Dittberner, 70 Neb. 544, 113 Am. St. Rep. 802, 98 N. W. 57; Engholm v. Ekrem, 18 N. D. 185, 119 N. W. 35; Whitney v. Hay, 181 U. S. 77, 45 L. ed. 758, 21 Sup. Ct. Rep. 537. All that is sought is to sustain her own written instrument to enforce her own writing according to its terms, and meanwhile to maintain the ■status quo until it becomes operative. This is no invasion of her homestead rights, on the contract, they are duly respected and enforced for her benefit. Appellants urge that the homestead, unproven when the will was executed and delivered, was not devisable by will or subject to alienation by will or contract under Federal statutes against alienation. On the •contrary the Federal statutes recognize the right to make such a devise of an unproven homestead. H. S. Bev. Stat. § 2291, Comp. Stat. 1913, § 4532, declares that “no certificate however shall be given or patent issued therefor until [after] the expiration of five years from the date of such entry; and if . . . the person making such entry, or if he be dead his widow, or in case of her death his heirs or devisee” makes final proof, patent issues. It is not an alienation prohibited by the Federal Homestead Act. Newkirk v. Marshall, 35 Kan. 77, 10 Pac. — 658 — 571, on facts very similar to those at bar. But the point has been ruled upon adversely, denying such contention in Adam v. McClintock, 21 N. D. 483, 131 N. W. 394, and Martin v. Yager, 30 N. D. 577, 153 N. W. 286. Defendants are estopped to assert such a claim. Title has vested in the father. The Federal government has had no interest for years in this tract, and it is the only one that could be heard to assert such to be an alienation contrary to law. The wife and these defendants, who seek to claim under the title of the parent, cannot question this vested interest in the son and his heirs on any such ground where the father himself could not have done so. Adam v. McClintock, supra. Nor can these heirs complain that the first will did not mention themselves. Its contractual features, not its testamentary ones, are before this court. It has become a contract; executed substantially and irrevocably as between sire and son, and is enforceable under all present-day authority. As a contract it is valid in equity, though perhaps as a will it would be invalid to operate to disinherit the defendants, they not being therein mentioned. Comp. Laws 1913, § 5667. It is further contended that as the will “runs to Andrew Torgenson only, not to his heirs or devisees,” the services to be rendered by Andrew were personal in their character, and, this being the fact, no one could be substituted to complete his part of his contract, which was then subject to avoidance by the parents on the death of Andrew before either of them. None of the cases sustain such a construction. In equity this contract was substantially performed. The father was virtually upon his deathbed when the son died, after fifteen, years of observance of its terms.. True the mother, seventy-four years of age, was alive at time of trial,, but her expectancy is as short as her mind is enfeebled, as appears- from her own testimony. To sustain appellants in this contention would place those who had sustained parents through their period of undei*standing into a ripe old age of childishness, at the irresponsible caprice of the enfeebled parent, and when such whim has been invited by the perhaps reprehensible conduct of envious relatives who for such years have shirked filial duties until in the late twilight of their parents lives is seen a chance to profit at the expense of the one who had, for filial reasons, or by valid contract, supported the parents for years. Neither the contention that the personal care by Andrew or the fact of his death prior to that of his parents can bar equitable jurisdiction — 659 — to,indirectly accomplish specific performance by enjoining violation of the contract. “Whether equity will decree the specific performance of a contract rests [entirely] in judicial discretion and always depends upon the facts of the particular case. As a rule when a definite contract to leave property by will has been clearly and certainly established, and there has been performance on the part of the promisee, equity will grant relief provided the case is free from objection on account of inadequacy, . . . and there are no circumstances or conditions which render the claim inequitable.” Syllabus in Anderson v. Anderson, 75 Kan. 117, 9 L.R.A. (N.S.) 229, 88 Pac. 743. The performance by Andrew was complete until his death. The contract did not specify that his death should forfeit all rights of his heirs or estate obtained under such performance. Equity should not imply or construe such a forfeiture where none has been stipulated. In fact every equity and circumstance is in favor of enforcement of the contract, the contractual features of the will executed and delivered under it in partial performance of it. The law and the equities of the case fully sustain the judgment appealed from and it is affirmed.