State ex rel. Langer v. Packard

Christianson, J. This is an original proceeding in this court against the members of the state tax commission, the county commissioners, and county auditor of Cass county and the assessor of the city of Fargo, to prevent them from assessing and listing for taxation certain real estate mortgage securities belonging to the relators. — 191 — The jurisdiction of the court has not been challenged. On the contrary, the attorney general of the state (who appears as one of the relators) and the members of the state tax commission (who appears as respondents) join in the request that this court assume jurisdiction. The relator Wheeler, who is a resident of the state of Minnesota, avers “that he is engaged in the real estate and loaning business and in the purchase and sale of mortgages, bonds, credits, and other securities held and owned by him until collection thereof; that at times in the furtherance of his lawful occupation and business he advances and loans to citizens of the state of North Dakota moneys, and takes therefor notes, bonds, obligations, and other evidences of debt secured by mortgages upon real and personal property, and at times purchases the same, and for that purpose employs an agent in the state of North Dakota to take applications for loans, cause to be executed notes and mortgages, and forward the same to petitioner*, who forwards to the agent the moneys for said loans, which is by said agent delivered to the borrower within the state of North Dakota, which said promissory notes, mortgages, and credits, however, are not held in the state of North Dakota, but in the actual possession of the petitioner in the state of Minnesota; in some cases, however, after the time of assessment and levy, are at short periods in the possession of said agent in the state of North Dakota for collection purposes only, and never except for a few days, and that not until after all properly in said state, is listed for taxation for that year. That said bonds, notes, negotiable instruments, and mortgages are in different and various counties of the state of North Dakota, and are of different and varying values and are of different degrees, namely, first, second, and third mortgages; and that the equity in the property securing said evidences of indebtedness vary greatly in degree and time, and that the interest of this affiant therein is not subject to arbitrary classification, but depends wholly upon the circumstances surrounding the particular piece of property involved and the particular evidence of indebtedness and security involved; that the properties securing said evidences of debt are located in various taxing* districts of the state of North Dakota, and subject to the particular jurisdiction where levies are and have been made for the purpose of providing revenue for said particular taxing district and to meet the current expenses of — 192 — said taxing district; and said properties securing said indebtedness are also listed as against the owner thereof, and taxes paid thereon in the various taxing districts of the said state and the various counties and other governmental subdivisions.” He further avers that the moneys, credits, notes, and obligations so sought to be taxed by the respondents in the state of North Dakota are and have been taxed, in the state of Minnesota, the residence and domicil of the petitioner. The corporation relators are all Minnesota corporations, and they allege that a part of their business has been to loan money on promissory notes, secured by mortgages on real estate in North Dakota, and that each of them has heretofore loaned large sums of money on promissory notes secured by mortgages on farm lands in North Dakota, and are now the owners and holders of such notes and mortgages, some of which are secured on lands situated in the county of Cass. It is averred that “persons or corporations living in the state of North Dakota or engaged in the banking, loan, or real estate business there, having applications for loans made to them by owners of farm and other lands in the state of North Dakota, submit such applications to the Capital Trust & Savings Bank, the applications for such loans being in writing, and are sent by mail to the office of the Capital Trust & Savings Bank at St. Paul, Minnesota, for its consideration. In some eases, said petitioner accepts such applications, and in other cases the applications are rejected. If the petitioner decides to make the loan applied for, the notes and mortgages are executed by the borrower, who is generally a resident of the state of North Dakota. The loan broker in North Dakota, through whom such application is made, attends to the execution and recording of all papers, and when the notes, mortgages, and other papers are complete, they are sent by mail to the petitioner at St. Paul, Minnesota, for its examination and approval. The said petitioner examines the papers at St. Paul; the abstracts of title are examined for it at St. Paul, and, if the papers are approved, the money loaned is transmitted by said petitioner, at St. Paul, to the loan broker through whom the application is received, the funds being transmitted by draft or cashier’s check drawn on funds in the state of Minnesota. The said petitioner has no agent acting for it in such matters in the state of North Dakota, and* the business is transacted through loan brokers in the state of North Dakota, who have no authority to — 193 — act for said petitioner or accept loans for it or bind it in any way. The loan brokers in North Dakota through whom such applications are received receive their commissions or compensation from the borrower, and act as the borrower’s agent. The mortgages and notes are usually signed within the state of North Dakota, but are passed on by the said petitioner at its office at the city of St. Paul. After the loan is made, the notes, mortgages, and other papers in connection with the loan are kept by said petitioner at its office in the city of St. Paul so long as it owns the same. The said petitioner does not and has not heretofore kept any funds within the state of North Dakota for investment. The notes secured by such mortgages are in all cases made payable at the office of said petitioner in the city of St. Paul. In some cases the said petitioner purchases mortgages from banks or persons engaged in the mortgage loan business in the state of North Dakota, and in all such-cases the papers relating to such mortgage loan are sent to the said petitioner at its office at St. Paul for examination and approval; and if the petitioner determines to purchase such loan, the purchase price is transmitted from the city of St. Paul by draft or cashier’s check or other like method, in the same- manner as where the loan is made by the petitioner in the first instance.” It is further averred that all the corporation relators pursued the methods just outlined in.obtaining the securities sought to be taxed. It is asserted by and on behalf of all of the relators that the state tax commission has requested and demanded that each relator file a return, listing for taxation as credits or as personal property the notes' owned by them, secured as aforesaid by mortgages on lands in the state of North Dakota. And it is further asserted -that the respondents and each of them, claiming authority to do so by virtue of chapter 229, Laws 1917, have threatened to, and will, unless enjoined by this court from so doing, assess and list for taxation within the respective counties in the state of North Dakota the notes and mortgages so owned by the-several relators and held by them in the state of Minnesota. These allegations are not denied. But the respondents assert that under the facts alleged the securities in question are assessable under the provisions of chapter 229 of the Laws of 1917. The bill for this enactment was entitled, “An Act to Amend and Ee-enact § 2095, of the Compiled Laws of North Dakota for the Year 1913, Delating to Eev — 194 — enue and Taxation, and Fixing the Situs of Personal Property for Tax Purposes.” The body of the law reads: “Except as otherwise provided in this chapter, personal property shall be listed and assessed in the county, town or district where the owner or agent resides; the capital stock and franchises of corporations and persons shall be listed in the county,, town or district where the principal office or place of business of such corporation is located in this state; and if there be no principal office or place of business in this state where such corporation or person transact business, then personal property pertaining to the business of a merchant or manufacturer or corporation shall be listed in the town or district where his business is carried on. The taxation and revenue-laws of this state shall apply with equal force to any person or persons representing in this state business interests that may claim domicil elsewhere, the intent and purpose being that no nonresident, either by himself or through any agent shall transact business within the state, without paying to the state a corresponding tax with that exacted of its own citizens; and all bills receivable, obligations or credits arising from business done m this state are hereby declared assessable within this state, and at the business domicil of said nonresident, his agent, or representative; pi-ovided, however, no insurance company paying the state a-percentage of its gross premiums received in the state shall be subject to the provisions of this act (In order to visualize the statute, we have italicized that portion thereof which was added by the amendment.) The relators contend: (1) That the notes and obligations which they have acquired in the manner above set forth do not ¿rise from business done in the state of North Dakota, and consequently the respondents are acting without authority of law in attempting to assess the same for the purposes of taxation; and, (2) That if the act under consideration is susceptible of being construed so as to apply to notes, secured by mortgages upon lands in the state. of North Dakota, owned by citizens of the state of Minnesota,, and held by them in that state, it deprives them of their property without due process of law and abridges their privileges and immunities as195 citizens of the United States in violation of the 14th Amendment and § 11 of article 4 of the Constitution of the United States. At the outset it is well to note that the avowed purpose of the statute under consideration is to fix the situs of personal property for purposes of taxation. The original section provided that personal property should be listed where the owner or agent resides, and that the capital stock and franchises of corporations and persons should be listed where the principal office or place of business of the corporation is located; and if there is no principal office or place of business in the state, that then personal property pertaining to the business of a merchant or manufacturer or corporation should be listed where the business is. carried on. The amendment merely extended these provisions, and made the statute applicable to nonresidents transacting business in this state. The intent and purpose of the amendment as declared by the legislature was to require nonresidents transacting business within the state to pay a tax corresponding to that exacted from citizens of the state. And in that connection and to that end it provided that “all bills receivable, obligations or credits arising from business done in this state are (hereby declared) assessable within this state and at the business domicil of the said nonresident, his agent, or representative.” Obviously, the legislature had no intention by the enactment of this statute to impose a privilege or occupation tax. The legislature was dealing with a tax on property only. The true purpose of the statute is merely to fix the situs of personal property, and to designate the particular place within the state where such property is to be taxed. In this country the power of taxation is exercised by the state “upon the assumption that an equivalent is rendered to the taxpayer in the protection of his personal property, in adding to the value of such property or in the creation and maintenance of public conveniences in which he shares; such, for instance, as roads, bridges, sidewalks, pavements, and schools for the education of his children. . . . It is often said that protection and payment of taxes are correlative obligations.” Union Refrigerator Transit Co. v. Kentucky, 199 U. S. 194, 202, 50 L. ed. 150, 153, 26 Sup. Ct. Rep. 36, 4 Ann. Cas. 493. The power to tax is an incident of sovereignty and conferred upon the law-making branch of the government as a part of its general power. — 196 — But “while the mode, form, aud extent of taxation are, speaking generally, limited only by the wisdom, of the legislature, that power is limited by the principle inhering in the very nature of constitutional government; namely, that the taxation imposed must have relation to a subject within the jurisdiction of the taxing government.” Louisville & J. Ferry Co. v. Kentucky, 188 U. S. 385, 396, 47 L. ed. 513, 518, 23 Sup. Ct. Rep. 463. Or, as was said by this court in a recent case (Martin v. Burleigh County, 38 N. D. 373, 165 N. W. 524) : “Jurisdiction for taxing purposes must be dependent either upon a physical location of the property of such a character as to give to it a degree of permanency warranting the same treatment of the property as that accorded to all other property within the state, or it must be justified by the legal domicil of the owner being within the state.” And it has been said by a high authority that while the legislative power extends over everything, whether it be person, property, possession, franchise, privilege, occupation or right, that “persons and property not within the territorial limits of a state cannot be taxed by it;” and that “a state can no more subject to its power a single person, or a single article of property, whose residence or legal situs is in another state, than it can subject all the citizens or all the property of such other state to its power.” Cooley, Taxn. 2d ed. pp. 55, 159. See also Louisville & J. Ferry Co. v. Kentucky, supra. The limitations upon the state taxing power result from the distribution of power ordained by the Constitution. And “the application to the states of the rule of due process relied upon comes from the fact that their spheres of activity are enforced and protected by the Constitution, and therefore it is impossible for one state to reach out and tax property in another without violating the Constitution; for where the power of one ends, the authority of the other begins.” And “the limitations of the Constitution are barriers bordering the states and preventing them from transcending the limits of their authority and thus destroying the rights of other states, and at the same time saving their rights from destruction by the other states, in other words, maintaining and preserving the rights of all the states.” United States v. Bennett, 232 U. S. 299, 306, 58 L. ed. 612, 616, 34 Sup. Ct. Rep. 433. Taxation without jurisdiction has been held to be a violation of the 14th amendment. This is so, whether it involves a property tax or a license tax. Provident Sav. — 197 — Life Assur. Soc. v. Kentucky, 239 U. S. 103, 60 L. ed. 167, L.R.A. 1916C, 572, 36 Sup. Ct. Rep. 34. These rules apply to all taxes imposed by a state upon property. They apply to both tangible and intangible property. There is no great difficulty in understanding the rules; the difficulty arises in applying them. Obviously, it is more difficult to apply them in dealing with intangible than in dealing with tangible property. The actual physical situs of tangible property is readily ascertainable. This is not so with intangible property. Property of the latter class is usually held secretly, and, with the exception of shares of corporate stock and obligations secured by recorded instruments, such as mortgages or trust deeds, there is ordinarily no method by which the existence or ownership thereof may be ascertained. The statutory provision under consideration applies to intangible property. Its purpose was to fix the situs of such property for purposes of taxation. It has been the tendency of the modern decisions in dealing with intangible property to apply thereto the maxim, mohilia sequuntur personam (movables follow the person), and to hold that such property has its situs and is taxable only at the domicil of the owner. This maxim, however, is only a presumption, or' rather a fiction of the law, and must yield when contrary “to the logic and policy of the state,” and the demonstrated “fact of actual control elsewhere.” Blackstone v. Miller, 188 U. S. 189, 205, 47 L. ed. 439, 444, 23 Sup. Ct. Rep. 277; Liverpool Ins. Co. v. New Orleans, 221 U. S. 346, 354, 55 L. ed. 762, 767, L.R.A.1915C, 903, 31 Sup. Ct. Rep. 550. The Supreme Court of the United States has frequently been called upon to determine whether property sought to be so taxed had a situs within the state so as to confer jurisdiction to impose a tax. In considering these questions, it has repeatedly recognized a distinction between tangible and intangible property. Thus, it has held that a tax imposed by the state of the owner’s domicil upon tangible personal property which has acquired a permanent situs in another state is taking property without due .process of law (Delaware, L. & W. R. Co. v. Pennsylvania, 198 U. S. 341, 49 L. ed. 1077, 25 Sup. Ct. Rep. 669; Union Refrigerator Transit Co. v. Kentucky, 199 U. S. 195, 50 L. ed. 150, 26 Sup. Ct. Rep. 36, 4 Ann. Cas. 493) ; but that the state of the owner’s domicil may legally impose taxes upon shares of stock owned by him in a — 198 — foreign corporation which holds all of its property and does all of its business in another state (Hawley v. Malden, 232 U. S. 1, 58 L. ed. 477, 34 Sup. Ct. Rep. 201, Ann. Cas. 1916C, 842). And that deposits in a bank in another state, where the depositor carries on a business from which the deposits are derived, and belonging to the depositor but not used by him in the business, are subject to a tax against him in the city of his residence, even though such deposits are subject to a tax in the state where the business is carried on (Fidelity & C. Trust Co. v. Louisville, 245 U. S. 45, 62 L. ed. 145, L.R.A.1918C, 124, 38 Sup. Ct. Rep. 40). No good purpose would be subserved by attempting to analyze or even to harmonize the different decisions of the United States Supreme Court on this subject. Regardless of any inconsistency or apparent conflict, the cases all recognize the correctness of the general rule that the power of a state to tax is limited to persons or subjects within its jurisdiction, or over which it can exercise some dominion. Louisville & J. Ferry Co. v. Kentucky, 188 U. S. 385, 47 L. ed. 513, 23 Sup. Ct. Rep. 463. In other words, the state imposing a tax upon property, either tangible or intangible, must have some jurisdiction over the particular object or subject sought to be taxed. If there is no jurisdiction, no power of taxation exists. Rut if the jurisdictional conditions are present, the state has the power to impose taxes. And in dealing with intangible property, the state may, as against its residents, invoke the fiction, mob ilia sequimtur personam, even though the actual control of the intangible property be elsewhere. Kidd v. Alabama, 188 U. S. 730, 732, 47 L. ed. 669, 672, 23 Sup. Ct. Rep. 401; Fidelity & C. Trust Co. v. Louisville, 245 u. S. 45, 62 L. ed. 145, L.R.A.1918C, 124, 38 Sup. Ct. Rep. 40; Hawley v. Malden, 232 U. S. 1, 58 L. ed. 477, 34 Sup. Ct. Rep. 201, Ann. Cas.1916C, 842. On the other hand, the state may refuse to recognize the maxim and impose taxes upon intangible property which in fact has a situs within the state and enjoys the protection of its laws, even though such property is owned by a nonresident. In such cases “the legal fiction expressed in the maxim, mobilia sequuntur personam, yields to the fact of actual control elsewhere. And in the case of credits, though intangible, . . . the control adequate to confer jurisdiction may be found in the sovereignty of the debtor’s domicil. The debt, of course, is not property in the hands of the debtor; but it is an obligation of the debtor — 199 — .and is of value to tlie creditor because he may be compelled to pay; and power over the debtor at his domicil is control of the ordinary means of enforcement.” Liverpool & L. & G. Ins. Co. v. New Orleans, 221 U. S. 346, 354, 55 L. ed. 762, 767, L.R.A.1915C, 903, 31 Sup. Ct, Rep. 550. See also Corry v. Baltimore, 196 U. S. 466, 49 L. ed. 556, 25 Sup. Ct. Rep. 297. It is contended by the attorney for the respondents that the legislature intended to impose a liability for taxes, and render all negotiable instruments, obligations, and credits arising from business done in this state subject to taxation here. And it is contended that loans made by nonresidents upon applications submitted to and approved by them in another state, or loans purchased by them from banks or persons engaged in the mortgage loan business in North Dakota, are subject to taxation in this state. Leaving constitutional consideration on one side, and expressing no opinion as to whether the legislature could, without violating the constitutional provisions relating to freedom of contract and interstate commerce, impose such liabilities upon commercial transactions between residents of this state and residents of other states, it is plain that the legislature has manifested no intent to do so. The purpose of the statute under consideration was to fix the situs of personal property for the purposes of taxation. The purpose of the amendment was to fix the situs of property which had formerly escaped taxation, to the end that the burden of taxation might be laid equally upon all those who have acquired and own property in this state. And to that end, the legislature provided that nonresidents who are engaged in business in the state shall pay a tax corresponding to that which is exacted from one of its own citizens. And that negotable instruments, credits, and obligations arising from business done by such nonresidents shall be assessable "at the business domicil of the said nonresident, his agent, or representative” Manifestly, it was not the purpose of the legislature to impose taxes upon every obligation or debt owed by citizens of North Dakota to residents of other states, but to impose such taxes only upon such credits and obligations as have arisen and have been derived by one who is conducting a business in this state. In other words, the legislature sought to fix the situs of intangible property, arising from business regularly conducted — 200 — in this state by a nonresident, at the business domicil of the owner, or the domicil of his agent or representative in the state. With respect to what obligations or credits the legislature had in mind as having arisen from business done in this state, the very language of the statute indicates that the legislature did not intend to invent or adopt any new definition, or put into force any new idea as to what constitutes “doing business.” The direction of the statute is that the obligations and credits to be taxed shall have arisen in the course of the business transacted by one who has a business domicil in the state, or some authorized resident agent or representative therein. The term, “doing business,” has been the subject of numerous judicial decisions; and while the decisions are by no means harmonious, the term has, nevertheless, acquired a inore or less well-settled meaning. No good purpose would be subserved by entering into an extended discussion of the many authorities dealing with the question of what constitutes “doing business.” Ordinarily, “the term ‘business’ . . . means an established business,' either in connection with or apart from some business that had its domicil in another state. ‘Doing business’ . . . is maintaining an office and having capital invested and carrying on a regular business; that is, maintaining an office and having a capital invested and carrying on a regular business in the state.” 5 Thomp. Corp. 2d ed. § 6670. The Supreme Court of the United States has held that where a resident of one state sends a note into another state where it is discounted, such transaction does not constitute “doing business” within the state from which the note was sent. Bamberger v. Schoolfield, 160 U. S. 190, 40 L. ed. 374, 16 Sup. Ct. Rep. 225. It has also held that the mere continuance by a foreign insurance company of the obligation of existing policies held by residents of a state, together with the receipt of renewal premiums thereon at the company’s home office in another state, does not constitute transaction of business, so as to authorize the state where the policy holder resides to impose a privilege or license tax upon the company. Provident Sav. Life Assur. Soc. v. Kentucky, 239 U. S. 103, 60 L. ed. 167, L.R.A.1916C, 572, 36 Sup. Ct. Rep. 34. The authorities seem agreed that where a corporation domiciled in one state purchases securities or receives applications and malíes loans through a broker resident in another state, such transactions do not constitute doing business in the state of the broker’s — 201 — residence, where the securities purchased are delivered, and the loans are made payable, to the corporation at its domicil. See 5 Thomp. Corp. 2d ed. § 6670. It is the duty of this court to ascertain and give effect to the intention of the legislature as expressed in the law. In ascertaining such intention, “words and phrases are construed according to the context and approved usage of the language; but technical words and phrases, and such others as have acquired a peculiar and appropriate meaning in law, . . . are to be construed according to such peculiar and appropriate meaning or definition.” Comp. Laws 1913, § 7325. And in the absence of anything from which a contrary intent may be gathered, we must assume that when the legislature uses the term, “doing business” or “business done,” it uses it in the sense in which it is used by the courts and legislatures of the country. It is strenuously asserted by counsel for the relators that the power to impose a tax upon obligations evidenced by promissory notes and other written instruments exists only in cases where the owners reside, or the instruments themselves are, -within- the borders of the taxing-power. Although there is certain language used in some of the aiithorities justifying the contention made, it is difficult to see any logical reason on which the contention can rest. It is true that, “by a tradition which comes down from more archaic conditions,” the debt is deemed inseparable from the paper which declares and constitutes it. Blackstone v. Miller, 188 U. S. 189, 47 L. ed. 439, 23 Sup. Ct. Hep. 277. This, however, is only a legal theory and one which the legislature may modify or abrogate when it- deems necessary or desirable. And, as has been stated, a legal fiction or theory cannot deprive a state of jurisdiction to tax where a sufficient jurisdictional basis does, in fact, exist. While promissory notes are deemed property in the sense that they are subject to purchase and sale, the instruments themselves are, as between creditor and debtor at least, in fact merely evidence of the debt. A promissory note and the mortgage securing it may bcJ destroyed, but the obligation evidenced by the instruments still remains until discharged. If all promissory notes and mortgages now existent, formerly executed by citizens of this state, were destroyed, the obligations on the part of the makers, and the rights of the owners and holders to enforce such obligations, would not be altered in the least. The evidence of the obligations -would be nonexistent, but the obligations202 themselves would remain and eould be enforced as before. In other words, the debt or obligation itself is the primary thing, and remains, even though the evidence of its existence is destroyed. The credit is one thing, the evidence of it is another thing. “What gives the debt validity? Nothing but the fact that the law of the place where the debtor is will’make him pay. It does not matter that the law would not need to be invoked in the particular case. . . . So, again, what enables any other than the very creditor in proper person to collect the debt ? The law of the same place.” Ibid. The thing of value, the enforceable obligation, is here, regardless of where the evidence of the obligation may be found. We are therefore of the opinion that this state has the power which it has sought to exercise by the statute under consideration, to wit, to impose taxes upon credits and obligations owned by a nonresident who is conducting a business in this state, and which credits and obligations are owing to him by residents of this state, and havo arisen from the business which is being conducted by such nonresident in this state. Manifestly, such obligations and credits are subjects of value to the owner. In many instances they constitute property of the very highest value. Under the statute, obligations and credits to bo taxed must have arisen in this state from business transacted here under the protection of our laws, and payable by persons domiciled within this state. The rights of the creditor must be enforced here. The laws of this state protect the obligation and enable the creditor to enforce it Against the debtor, thereby making it valuable. And as tangible property is taxable where it has a permanent situs, because the sovereign state where it is located can exercise control over it and thus afford it the protection for which the tax is exacted, it seems that in cases like those which fall within the provisions of the statute before us, the state of North Dakota, which is the domicil of the debtor and has control over him, also has control over the obligations sought to be taxed. Nor do we deem the physical presence of the instruments of indebtedness within this state a jurisdictional prerequisite. We do not believe that a nonresident who is engaged in business in this state and acquires and owns valuable obligations, credits, and securities which have arisen from such business, can escape taxation merely by removing the evidence of such debts from this state. “Persons are not permitted to avail themselves for their own benefit of the laws of a state in the conduct of — 203 — Business -within its limits, and then to escape their due contribution to the public needs through action of this sort, whether taken for convenience or by design.” Bristol v. Washington County, 177 U. S. 133, 139, 44 L. ed. 701, 704, 20 Sup. Ct. Rep. 585. But inasmuch as it appears that the corporation relators had their business domicil in the state of Minnesota; that they had no established agencies in this state; that all applications for loans were received by them and passed upon at their home offices in Minnesota; that such loans were made payable in the state of Minnesota; that the relators kept no funds within the state of North Dakota for investment, but that the amount of each loan was transmitted to the borrower by draft or cashier’s check drawn upon a Minnesota bank, — we are entirely satisfied that such transactions do not constitute “business done” in North Dakota within the terms of the statute under consideration. It therefore follows that the securities held by the different corporation relators are not subject to taxation under the statute. The respondents are, therefore, acting in excess of and without authority of the law in attempting to impose taxes thereon. It also follows that some of the securities held and owned by the relator Wheeler fall within the rule just stated. But it is not entirely clear from the facts alleged by the relator and admitted by the respondents that all of his securities fall within the rule. It may be that some of his securities arose .in a loan business regularly conducted by him through an agent residing in this state, and come within the purview of the statute. If this is so, the mere fact that he has removed the securities to his home in Minnesota will not deprive the respondents of the right to impose taxes thereon. But, as already stated, we are unable to determine what the fact is with regard thereto, and whether any of Wheeler’s securities are subject to taxation in this state. A writ will issue in harmony with the views expressed in this opinion.