Smith v. Whitbeck

SutlifR, C. J. There are numerous exceptions presented in the record, to the holding of the justice of the peace, upon the trial before him. It was really a trial of the right of possession between the parties. When the plaintiff, Smith, gave in evidence the lease showing an unexpired term granted by the defendant to him, it made a prima facie case, on his part, to recover possession of the premises. It then became necessary for the defendant, Whitbeck, to show that the term, which, by the indenture or lease, appeared to have been conveyed by Whitbeck to him, Smith, really did not exist in fact. This might have been shown by proof of a surrender or a forfeiture; or, in short, by any proof that the lease was not, in fact, in force between the parties at the time of the trial. The defendant relied upon a termination of the estate expressed in the written lease, by a forfeiture and re-entry. If shown by proof that a forfeiture and'a legal re-éntry had occurred, the defense would be perfect; but it was incumbent upon the defendant to make full and satisfactory proof of this defense ; since forfeitures are never favored in law. He who asserts for himself title by forfeiture, must prove it by establishing every fact, and showing every circumstance and condition requisite to constitute the forfeiture, without the benefit of any presumptions in his favor. The old books furnish much ancient and curious learning upon the subject of forfeiture of estates by tenants; but it is unnecessary here to do more than barely glance at the old and well-established rules upon the subject, in order to see whether the facts of this case are in accordance therewith. In Coke upon Littleton (lib. 3, estates upon condition, 202a), it is said: “ though the rent he behind and not paid, yet,. — 478 — if the feoffor doth not demand the same, he shall never e^iter,” etc. “ Secondly, The demand must be made on the land, because the land is the debtor. * .* * If there be a house upon the land, he must demand the rent at the house. And he can not demand it at the back doore of the house, but at the fore doore, because the demand must ever be made at the most notorious place. And it is not material whether anyone be there or not. * * * And all this is to be understood, when the feoffor is absent, for if the feoffee cometh to the feoffor at any place on any part of the ground on ihe day of payment and offer his rent, albeit, they be not at the most notorious place, nor at the last instant, the feoffor is bound to receive it, or else he shall not take any advantage of any demand of the rent for that day. Therefore, the place of demand being known, it is further to be known what time the law hath appointed for the same. This partly ap-■peareth from that which hath been last said. For albeit the last time of demand of the rent is such convenient time before the sunn’s setting of the last day of payment, as the money may be numbered and received * * * notwithstanding, if the tender be made to him that is to receive it upon any part of the land at any time of the last day of payment, and he refuseth, the condition is saved for that time, for by the express reservation, the money is to be paid on the day indefinitely, and convenient time before the very last instant, is the uttermost time appointed by law, to the intent, that then both parties should meet together, the one to demand and receive, and the other to pay it, so as the one should not prevent the other.” it will be remembered, that in the time of Coke and Bacon, the word “prevent” signified “to come before the usual time,” in which former, but now obsolete, sense, the word was • doubtless here used by Lord Coke. And we find the following remark as to the time of payment of the rent by the lessee, in the case of Hill v. Grange, 1 Plowden Rep. 172, decided Michaelmas T., 3 Phil. & Mary.: “ So that his time to pay it continues until the separation of •day and night, which is the'time when the day ends and the — 479 — night begins. And, therefore, the lessee is not bound to be there before the last instant of the last time, and so (it was said) the opinion is held in 6 H. 7. And forasmuch as the lessee is not bound to pay the rent, until the last instant of the last day, for he is not bound to demand the rent until the other is bound to pay it; for if the law should force him to demand it sooner than the other is forced to pay it, it would be contrary to all reason, which our law is not, for it will not compel a man to make a vain demand or request for a thing which the other is not bound to pay. Yet, the law will compel him to make a demand, or else he should never enter, as it is held in 20 H. 6. And if the lessee does not come to the land the last instant of the last day to demand the rent, and the lessee be not there to pay it, the lessee shall never enter, because he ought to do the first act; that is, make a demand. And such demand shall not be until the other is bound to pay it, and that he is not, before the last instant of the.last day, which time is only material for them both,” etc. And in the case of Fabian v. Winston, Croke’s Rep. 209, decided in C. B., at Mich. T., 33 Eliz.: “ the question was upon the avoiding of a lease upon condition for nonpayment of the rent.” * * * u And upon a special traverse the issue was, if the plaintiff by Edm. Bedle, demanded £7 10s. of rent due to him for half a year, the twentieth day after the feast, by the space of half an hour before the sunset. And upon the special verdict, it was found that the said Ed. Bedle petiit £1 10s. pro redditu dimidii anni Anglioe, for half a year’s rent prcefato J. Fabian tunc debit pro tenemen-tis prcedictis, and there remained demanding the rent by the space of a quarter of an hour, et non plus before the sunset, tanquam ad, and after the sunset; and that no rent was due but the half year’s rent,” then falling due. “ The question was, if this verdict was found for the plaintiff or defendant ? And all the court held as for the time, although it was not found to be half an hour, but a quarter of an hour; yet it was a good demand; for being demanded well enough for the time, it is not material, although it be not precisely according to the traverse. But they all held this demand of the rent — 480 — (then due), is not good; for he ought precisely to show upon his demand, what rent he demands; for, if it were due five years before, it was then due,” etc. This case very well illustrates the rule as to the time when the demand should be made. A convenient time before sunset, was understood, it appears, by the counsel, to be certainly included in the space of half ah hour before sunset; for the averment so made by plaintiff’s counsel was traversed, and not demurred to by the defendant’s counsel. And when the verdict showed the time of the demand to have been from a quarter of an hour before, until and after the sunset, the court held the demand was made at the proper time. Again, in the case of Duppa, executor of Baskerville v. Mayo, 1 Saund. Rep. 276, the question as to the time of demand was presented in Icing’s bench. Trin. T., 22 Car. 2. “ And Hale said,” (according to the report of the case) “ that although the time of sunset was the time appointed by law to demand rent, to take advantage of a condition of re-entry, and to tender it to save a forfeiture, yet the rent is not due until midnight; for if a man seized in fee makes a lease for years, rendering rent at the feast of St. John the Baptist, upon condition of re-entry for nonpayment, now the lessor, if he will take advantage of the condition, must demand it at sunset; yet, if he dies after sunset and before midnight, his heir shall have his rent, and not his executors, which proves that the rent is not due until the last minute of the natural day.” By which I understand it to be held, that the last point of time at which the demand might legally be made was sunset; and that the lessor must be shown ready to receive it up to that precise point of time. The convenient time for counting the money, etc., must, therefore, be allowed by the demandant immediately preceding sunset. And,. as we have seen, a quarter of an hour has been held sufficient to constitute “convenient time” before sunset. In note 16 of that case (page 287), upon this subject, it is said: 1st. There must be a demand of the rent. 2d. It must be of the precise rent due; for if he demand a penny more or less, it will be ill. 3d. It must be made precisely upon — 481 — the day when the rent is due and payable by the lease to save the forfeiture. * * * 4th. It must be made a convenient time before sunset. 5th. It must be made upon the land, at the most notorious place of it. Therefore, if there be a dwelling-house upon the land, the demand must be &t the front or fore door. But .if the tenant meet the lessor on or off the land, at any time the last day of payment, and tender the rent, it is sufficient to save forfeiture; for the law leans against forfeitures. In the case of Tinckler v. Prentice, 4 Taunt. Rep. 549, an action of debt to recover rent due the lessor from the tenant,, the lessee pleaded as to 731., 16s., the rent due, “ that the plaintiff ought not -to recover any damage for the nonpayment, because he, the defendant, on Michaelmas day, 1811,” (the day the rent fell due), “ was, at and shortly before setting of the sun on that day, at and upon the premises, and was ready and willing to have paid the plaintiff the sum of 731., 16s., the rent then due and payable,” etc. And, as to-the plea, the court say : “ The last plea comes to this short point, whether the part of that plea which the plaintiff has. left unnoticed be .alone a sufficient answer to the plaintiff’s claim. It is necessary that the tenant should stay on the land to the very last time at which the thing can be done. But the defendant has not stated that, at the time of his attending on the premises, there was time or not time left before the setting of the sun to have counted the money. Therefore, I think the defendant can make nothing of that point. It is not sufficient that he was there, at and shortly before the setting of the sun; he ought to have pleaded he was there long enough before to have counted the money.” And we find this time of demand still recognized in England as the proper time, at a later date. In the case in king’s bench, Easter term, 1829, Doe on dem. of Wheeldon v. Paul, 3 Car. & Payne, 613, Lord Tenterdon says: “ The' demand ought to have been made at the last hour of the day, at sunset; for the tenant has till then to make payment;, and the demand, to work a forfeiture, should be made M the time when the tenant is bound to pay.” And adds, what — 482 — should give weight to his opinion, that he had, in early life, had occasion to investigate the subject, and had written an elaborate opinion, which commanded the approbation of Mr. Erskine, etc. . These authorities may suffice to show the rule as to the making demand of the rent, and the strictness required in making it, in order to thereby secure a forfeiture. From the foregoing and other authorities, it may be laid down, as a well-established rule of law in England, that the. time of demand must be such convenient time, immediately preceding sunset, as will allow the money to be counted, paid and received before sunset; and that the demandant, if the rent be not paid, should await payment, upon such demand, until sunset, in order to make the demand sufficient as to time. And this rule as to the demand of rent, to secure a forfeiture, will be found to be fully recognized in this country, .and applied with the same strictness in the American eases. Thus, in the case of Jackson v. Harrison, 17 Johns. 66, it was held, by the supreme court of New York, in 1818, that “ the lessor can not re-enter on the ground of a forfeiture for the nonpayment of rent, without showing a demand of the rent due, on the last day, of the tenant, on the premises, .a convenient time before sunset, etc., or a strict compliance with all the formalities required by the common law; his claim being regarded as siricti juris.” And, in the case of Van Rensallaer v. Jewitt, 2 Comst. Rep. 141, the court of appeals held, that the landlord, before •he can exercise a right of re-entry, reserved for breach of covenant to pay rent, or bring ejectment at the common law, must make an actual demand of the exact amount of rent due, on the very day it becomes due, at a convenient time before sunset, and at the particular place where it is made payable, or if no place is specified in the lease, then at the .most notorious place on the premises demised. It will be found, in like manner, that the common law doctrine expressed by the English authorities.is, in all respects, fully recognized in American courts, as shown by adjudicated — 483 — «ases, in the different states, with much unanimity; and the same is equally true as to this state. See the case of Boyd v. Talbert, 12 Ohio Rep. 214. Inasmuch as the record does not show that there was any proof that the entry and taking possession of the premises was forcible, or other than peaceable, on the part of the defendant, and permission on the part of the plaintiff, the right to recover, on the part of the plaintiff, depended entirely upon his title, as expressed by the lease, to his unexpired term. If, as has been said, the unexpired term shown by the .lease still remained unextinguished in the plaintiff, the lessee, he was legally entitled to the possession and enjoyment of the same. The defendant having thus devolved upon him the burden of proof to defeat the prima facie title shown by the plaintiff, was required to do the same by legal proof. Inasmuch as he relied entirely upon an extinguishment- óf the remaining term of the lessee by forfeiture for nonpayment of rent, it was incumbent upon the plaintiff to show all the facts and circumstances necessary to constitute, in law, a forfeiture. One of those facts, and a very material one, was that the requisite legal demand of the rent was made by the defendant, the lessor. And upon this point the record shows that the defendant gave evidence, tending to show that, at the time the first quarter’s rent fell due, July 15, 1859, he, the lessor, demanded of the lessee, the plaintiff, the rent, on the premises, at about one o’clock p.m: of that day; and that again, on the 15th day of October, when the second quarter’s rent fell .due, the defendant, at about four o’clock p.m., demanded the rent of the plaintiff, in like manner, upon the premises. It thus beoame a question of law, material in the case, whether the hour of one p. M., as to the first quarter’s rent, was such “ convenient time before sunset ” for the time of demand as to be good and sufficient; and, in like manner, whether the hour of four p. m. was or was not within the legal limits of time prescribed by law for demand to be made of the rent so falling due October 15, for the second quarter. The plaintiff, therefore, had the right to have the jury in-, structed upon the matter. — 484 — The first, third and fourth instructions requested by the plaintiff of the court, to be given the jury, as to the necessity of a demand of the precise sum due and the particular time when the demand should be made, the plaintiff was clearly entitled to have given, in substance, to the jury. And the third request was strictly correct instruction for the jury, and that which the plaintiff had the right to have given, as requested. But the court refused to say to the jury that proof of demand at one o’clock P. M., or that proof of a demand some time in the afternoon of the day, was not sufficient to constitute a legal demand. The charge of the court upon the second and eighth propositions does not appear at all objectionable. But the instruction given in relation to the demand, that it must be made for “’the precise sum due, at a convenient time before sunset, on the day when the rent is due, upon the land, in the most notorious place on it, even though there be no person on the land to pay,” although not incorrect, was certainly insufficient. For, although the charge thus given by the justice was in the words used by Mr. Justice Daniel in the opinion delivered by him in the case of Connor v. Bradley and wife (17 Pet. R. 263), and can not be said to be erroneous, still it was not, either in language or substance, the charge requested to be given to the jury. When there had been evidence given to the jury tending to show- the demand of one quarter’s rent to have been made at one o’clock, and a demand of the other quarterns rent at four o’clock, of the days when respectively due, it became a question of law, and material to the issue, whether those hours were respectively the “ convenient time before sunset” expressed by the common law rule, at which a legal demand could have been made. And this proceeding before the'justice being one in which it is expressly provided that “ exceptions to the opinion of the justice * * * * upon questions of law and evidence may be taken by either party,” etc., we think the plaintiff was clearly entitled to the instruction asked to be given .to — 485 — the jury. But the justice, indeed, not only declined and neglected to instruct the jury, as requested, but told them, in his instructions upon that subject, “ that it was a fact for the jury to determine what was or what was not a convenient time for making such demand, under all the circumstances of each particular case,” etc. We are clearly of the opinion that the justice erred not only in withholding the instructions asked, but also in the instruction thus given. And the court of common pleas consequently erred in affirming the judgment of the justice. We, therefore, find that there is error in the record before us, in this: that the judgment of the district court was in affirmance of the proceedings in the court of common pleas, whereas it should have been in reversal of the judgment of that court. The judgment of the district court must, therefore, be reversed. And this court, proceeding thereupon to render such judgment as the district court should have rendered, orders that the judgment of the court of common pleas be reversed; and, also, that.the judgment of the justice of the peace be reversed, and that the plaintiff recover his costs in the premises. And this cause is thereupon remanded to the court of common pleas for further hearing. Peck, G-holsoN, BbinkeRHOEE and Scott, JJ., concurred.