Tootle v. Tootle

Locher, J. The issue at bar is whether Thomas Abbott and Megan Abbott Knisley, although adopted, may inherit through or from their mother in a class gift. For the reasons to follow we hold that the adopted children may not inherit where the express intention of the testator is otherwise and, accordingly, we reverse the judgment of the court of appeals. Ordinarily R.C. 3107.15(A)(2) places adopted children on the same footing as natural children: “To. create the relationship of parent and children * * * as if the adopted person were a legitimate blood descendant of the petitioner, for all purposes including inheritance and applicability of statutes, documents, and instruments, whether executed before or after the adoption is decreed, which do not expressly exclude an adopted person from their operation or effect. ” (Emphasis added.) As the last portion of the section indicates, however, the status of adopted children is not unequivocal in those instances where exclusion is express. While conceding that in 1925, when the will was executed, the term “heirs of the body” was commonly used to exclude adopted children, the court of appeals was singularly reluctant to accept the trial court’s conclusions. Rather, the court of appeals analogized from Tiedtke v. Tiedtke (1952), 157 Ohio St. 554 [47 O.O. 411], wherein this court held in paragraph two of the syllabus: “Where, in providing for his ‘heirs at law’ after a life interest, a testator indicates his intention that such heirs should be determined at the date of the expiration of such life interest, then the statutory law in effect at the expiration of such life interest should be applied in determining such heirs of the testator unless by the provisions of the will or surrounding circumstances a contrary intention is indicated, even though such statutory law will permit an adopted child of the testator’s daughter to take and the statutory law in effect at the testator’s death would not have permitted such adopted child to take and even though such adopted child was not either born or adopted until long after the testator’s death.” The court of appeals reasoned that “heirs” or “heirs at law” are indistinguishable from “heirs of the body.” This reasoning was applied notwithstanding G. C. 8030, in effect when the will was executed (109 Ohio Laws 179, 180), which expressly indicated that an adopted child “* * * [246] shall not be capable of inheriting property expressly limited to the heirs of the body of the adopting parent or parents.” (Emphasis added.) We decline to adopt the court of appeals’ view. In Alley v. Strickland (1983), 279 S.C. 126, 302 S.E. 2d 866, the Supreme Court of South Carolina, under a statute wherein “an adopted child” is “considered a natural child of the adopting parents for all inheritance purposes * * *,” id. at 127, held that a distinction had to be made between such terms as “heirs,” predicated upon the statutes of descent and distribution, and “heirs of the body,” a term of art used to limit remainders. Similarly, it has been held that the term “heirs of the body” is an expression that “* * * has a biological overtone which excludes a wife or husband and also adopted children.” In re Trust Estate ofKanoa (1964), 47 Hawaii 610, 620, 393 P.2d 753, 759; Casner, Construction of Gifts to “Heirs” and the Like (1939), 53 Harv. L. Rev. 207, 222-223. There is a distinct difference between the term “heirs of the body” and the term “heirs at law” as used in Tiedtke. Moreover, both Tiedtke and the present R.C. 3107.15(A)(2) recognize the supremacy of the testator’s intent over the judicial and legislative policy that adopted children be treated the same as natural children. In our view there is no ambiguity in the will of Allen Evans as to the meaning of “heirs of the body.” Unlike the court of appeals we cannot eschew the issue by suggesting that the meaning of technical terms of limitation in 1925, such as “heirs of the body,” would change at some future period of time without specific legislative directive. Moreovér, the term “heirs of the body” is not used interchangeably with “heirs,” used in the residuary clause in Item Eighth of the will,1 or “children,” used in Item Second or Item Seventh of the will.2 Additionally, the term “heirs of [247] the body” was explicitly defined by G. C. 8030, as noted supra. The particular context of the term “heirs of their bodies” prefaced by the words “and then to” is also of value in ascertaining its use as a term of limitation. In the absence of contrary evidence, the use of the term “heirs of the body” in anything other than its former statutorily defined meaning is without legal justification.3 While we are mindful of, and sympathetic to, the legislative concern that adopted individuals be treated in most instances as if they were legitimate blood descendants, we are compelled to give effect to the testator’s express intent. In Townsend’s Exrs. v. Townsend (1874), 25 Ohio St. 477, this court stated in paragraph one of the syllabus: “In the construction of a will, the sole purpose of the court should be to ascertain and carry out the intention of the testator.” This court reaffirmed the primacy of testator’s intent in Sandy v. Mouhot (1982), 1 Ohio St. 3d 143, 144: “The court’s sole purpose in an action seeking construction of a will is to ascertain and carry out the intention of the testator. See, also, Wills v. Union Savings & Trust (1982), 69 Ohio St. 2d 382, 385 [23 O.O.3d 350].” It is hornbook law, however, that technical terms in a will must be given their technical meaning and the testator will be presumed, absent differing intent, to be cognizant of that existing legal meaning. Rehm v. Core (App. 1948), 54 Ohio Laws Abs. 535; Holt v. Miller (1938), 133 Ohio St. 418, 420 [11 O.O. 85]. The term “heirs of the body” (or their bodies), under the circumstances of this case, is a term of limitation with respect to a class and in our view represents the kind of express exclusion recognized by R.C. 3107.15(A)(2). [248] Having accepted that “heirs of the body” is a term of limitation,4 we must next determine when the class of contingent remaindermen closed. This is important because the contingent remainders in a life estate cannot become vested until the class is closed, i.e., with the death of the final life tenant. Casey v. Gallagher (1967), 11 Ohio St. 2d 42 [40 O.O.2d 55]. The final life tenant, Verna Tootle, died in January 1983. Roxanna Tootle Abbott, however, had predeceased Verna before any interest could vest in her or her adopted children. Consequently, only Allen Tootle had a vested remainder after the class closed by virtue of Allen Evans’ explicit instruction that the remainder interest go to the heirs of the bodies of his children. Further, even if we were to assume, arguendo, that Thomas and Megan succeeded to their mother’s position by virtue of R.C. 2107.52, the anti-lapse statute, they still would not take because the statute may be avoided by sufficient expression of intent. Shalkhauser v. Beach (P.C. 1968), 14 Ohio Misc. 1 [43 O.O.2d 20]; Bensing, The Ohio Anti-Lapse Statute (1959), 28 U. Cin. L. Rev. 1, 29. Such intent, in view of our prior discussion, was manifested by the use of the term “heirs of their bodies” as a term of limitation. But, cf., Flynn v. Bredbeck (1946), 147 Ohio St. 49 [33 O.O. 243]. Accordingly, the adopted children could neither inherit through nor from their mother. We therefore uphold the trial court’s decision and reverse the judgment of the court of appeals. Judgment reversed. Celebrezze, C.J., Holmes and Connors, JJ., concur. Wright, J., concurs separately in the syllabus. Sweeney and Douglas, JJ., dissent. Connors, J., of the Sixth Appellate District, sitting for C. Brown, J. Footnotes [1] “Item Eighth. All the rest and residue of my estate of every kind and character and wheresoever situated shall go to and be divided between my said four children, share and share alike, or the heirs of said children. ” (Emphasis added.) [2] “Item Second. I give, devise and bequeath to my beloved wife, Roxanna Evans both of my New Holland properties, being my residence property on West Street recently purchased by me from the sheriff of Pickaway County, Ohio; and known as'the John and Edith Johnson property, and, the property on the north side of Front Street purchased by me from Emma L. Maddux, and my wife shall have full power and right to sell and convey the same, or any part thereof, if she so desires, but in the event my said wife does not sell or convey said property or any part thereof, during her lifetime, then I direct and authorize and empower my Executors hereinafter named, (after the death of my said wife), to sell said properties, or such part of the same as may not have been sold by my wife at either public or private sale, and upon such terms of credit or otherwise, as to them may be deemed just and proper, and make all necessary and proper deeds of conveyance therefor; and I direct that my said Executors shall divide and pay the net proceeds from any such sales made by them of my said New Holland properties to my four children, share and share alike, and the children of any deceased child to take their parents^] share-, I also give to my said wife all of my household goods, furniture, beds, bedding and provisions and fuel which I may have in and around my said residence; I also give to my said wife the full one-third of all the rest and residue of my chattel and personal property of which I may die seized; I also give to my said wife the sum of [247] Six hundred Dollars per annum to be paid to her quarter yearly, so long as she may live by my four children as hereinafter provided.” (Emphasis added.) “Item Seventh. I direct that my Executors hereinafter named shall sell and convey by a good and sufficient deed my 35 acres of land situated in Deerfield Township, Ross County, Ohio, and which is off the east end of the farm I bought of Riley Collins and which is bounded on the west by Merton Tootle and Son, Ackley, on the south by Clyde Tootle, on the east by the 177 acres hereinbefore given to Verna Tootle and Merton Tootle, and on the north by lands of Hamer Crabb and Mrs. Pierce, at either public or private sale and upon such terms of credit or otherwise, as in their judgment may be deemed best, — provided that said Executors shall first offer said land to my daughter, Verna Tootle and husband, Merton Tootle, at a price not exceeding $60.00 per acre, and said daughter and husband shall have the right to purchase said land at said price at any time within six months after my death, — and said Executors shall distribute the net proceeds from such sale between my two daughters, Ada Dick and Bessie Terry, share and share alike, and if either should be deceased, then their children shall have the deceased parent’s share." (Emphasis added.) [3] Additionally, the appellate court hypothesized, without support, that the trial court "basically adopts the stranger-to-the-adoption rule” (for a discussion of the rule see Weitzel v. Weitzel [P.C. 1968], 16 Ohio Misc. 105 [45 O.O.2d 55]). We disagree with such an interpretation of the trial court’s decision and expressly do not endorse, utilize, or adopt the stranger-to-the-adoption rule in today’s decision. [4] While use of the term “heirs of the body” as words of limitation, and not of purchase, should be sufficient to exclude adopted children, the careful drafter would be advised to specifically set forth the intention that adopted children not take under the will, in as many words to avoid the possibility that the term could be misconstrued or taken out of its intended context.