Brewis v. Lawson

Burks, J., delivered the opinion of the court. A judgment (by default at least) against a personal representative in a suit to which the heirs or devisees of the decedent are not parties, is not evidence against such heirs or devisees in a -suit or proceeding by the creditor to subject the real estate, descended or devised, to the payment of the debt; and the reason assigned is, that there is no privity between the representative and such heirs or devisees. It was so held by this court at an early day (1810) in Mason’s Devisees v. Peter’s Adm’r, 1 Munf. 437, and the decision has been since repeatedly recognized as authority. See Foster, &c. v. Crenshaw’s Ex’ors, 3 Munf. 520; Chamberlayne, &c. v. Temple, 2 Rand. 384, 396; Shield’s Adm’r v. Anderson’s Ad’mr, 3 Leigh, 729, 736; Street’s Heirs v. Street, 11 Leigh, 498, 508; Robertson and others v. Wright and others, 17 Gratt. 534, 540. And Chief-Justice Marshall, in delivering the opinion of the supreme court in Deneale v. Stump’s Fx’ors, 8 Peters, 531, said: “ It is understood to be settled in Virginia, that no judgment against the executors can bind the heirs, or in any manner affect them. It could not be given in evidence against them. The same principle has been affirmed by the courts of other States. See Harwood v. Rawling’s Heirs, 4 Har. & Johns; Davis v. Green, Id. 270; Birely & Holtz v. Staley, 5 Gill & J. 432, 453; Sargent and others v. Davis, 3 La. Ann. 353, 354; McCoy, Adm’r v. Nichols and others, 4 How. — 41 — (Miss.), 31, 38; Osgood v. Manhattan Co., 3 Cowen, 612, 622; Boykin v. Cook, 61 Ala. 472. The act of 1849 (Code of 1873, ch. 127, § 3) does not, we think, alter the rule. It makes real estate descended or devised (not charged by the will with debts) legal assets in the hands of the heirs and devisees; but there would seem to be the same lack of privity, now as before, between the personal representative and the heir or devisee. The rule certainly applies to a judgment by default. Whether it extends to a recovery had after a full and fair defence by the personal representative need not be decided in the present case. We prefer not to determine that question until a case arises in which the decision becomes necessary. The judgment in the case now before us is a judgment by default. In Chamberlayne, &c. v. Temple, 2 Rand. 384, 396, Judge Green observed, that “ in all cases where the question is, whether a person be a debtor or not, a judgment against him or his legal representative seems to be prima fade evidence of the fact, liable to be controverted upon the ground of fraud, or upon any other just ground, by any one a stranger to the judgment; except, perhaps, in the case of the real and personal representatives of the same person, in which case either the one or the other might have been sued in the first instance.” See, also, the remarks of Chief-Justice Marshall in Garnett, &c. v. Macon and others, 6 Call. 337, 338. In Pennsylvania a judgment against the personal representative seems to be regarded as prima facie evidence against the heir or devisee in a proceeding to subject the real estate, and in regard to adversary judgments, what is said by the supreme court of that State in Sargent’s Heirs v. Ewing (decided in 1860), 36 Penn. St. 156, 160, abounds in good sense. “ To hold,” say the court, “ that the creditor who has, after a severe and prolonged contest, established his right to satisfaction out of the personal assets, but finds in — 42 — the end that they are insufficient for the purpose, and that he must enter de novo into the same contest with the heirs; must produce anew his proofs and witnesses, perhaps scattered and lost sight of, under the expectation that they would never be needed again, is something in practice which has not been thought necessary for the last twenty years at least.” See, also, Steele v. Lineberger and others, 59 Penn. St. 308; Freeman on Judgments (3d Ed.), § 163. The inconvenience and apparent hardship of the rule, as it is understood in Virginia, may generally be obviated. In most cases, certainly in cases of liquidated demands and where there is a known deficiency of personal estate, the creditor need not proceed against the personal representative separately in the first instance, but may bring him and the heirs and devisees before the court in the same suit in equity, and thus avoid the hazard, delay, and expense of a repeated litigation of the same matter. This course might have been properly and conveniently pursued in the present case, as it was obvious at the outset that a resort to the real assets would be necessary. There was no occasion for a judgment at law, which, it was known, would be unavailing against the administrator. If the judgment of Anthony Lawson was the only evidence of his debt in the record, under the authority of the cases adjudged by our predecessors, he could have no decree against the lands devised to Thomas A. Brewis, which on his death descended to his heirs. But the bond on which the judgment was founded was brought into the cause by the heirs themselves. While they disputed the judgment, they did not question the validity of the bond, but on other grounds denied the liability of their inheritance for its payment. The bill, it is true, does not in terms refer to the bond, but to the judgment as evidence of the debt. The heirs in their answer do not confine their defence to the judgment, but extend it to the debt, of which the judg — 43 — ment is but tlie evidence; and it is evident from the record that every defence was made that would have been made if the bill had been framed on the bond instead of the judgment. It would certainly have been more in accordance with the rules of good pleading, if the complainant in his bill had based his claim as against the heirs directly on the bond; but when this court sees, from the record, that the litigation was extended by the heirs themselves, without objection from the complainant, beyond the judgment to the debt itself, and that full defence was allowed and made, in like manner as if there had been no judgment, looking to substance rather than form, as courts of equity are accustomed to do, it will treat the case as if the bond, instead of the judgment, had been set out as the evidence of the debt. There was no necessity for the complainant to prove the execution of the bond, for it was virtually admitted by the answer. Besides, it was specially referred to by the commissioner, and a copy filed with his report, and was not excepted to as evidence. As the judgment is not evidence against the heirs, it would seem to be immaterial whether it was obtained by collusion between the creditor and representative or not, except so far as such collusion, if established, might be relied on as a circumstance in aid of the other defences. The charge of fraud rests rather upon the argument of counsel than upon the record. If intended to be made in the answer, it is by inference and implication merely. It. is certainly not directly and expressly made. It is averred that' the son qualified as administrator; that soon after his qualification the father instituted the suit against him, and that he suffered judgment to go by default, when there were defences to the action which, if relied on, would have defeated recovery. Now, the answer does not charge that there was any fraudulent combination in the matter. It does not even aver that the father procured his son to qual — 44 — ify, or that the latter qualified with a view to the judgment afterwards recovered, or that the failure to make defence was with a fraudulent intent, or that the son even knew of any defence to be made. On the contrary, the failure to make defence, and particularly to see that the credit endorsed on the bond was allowed in the judgment, would seem to be attributed to negligence merely. It was the fault of the clerk that the credit was not given in entering the judgment. Rees v. Conococheague Bank, 5 Rand. 326, 330. The. error was patent and the credit afterwards allowed. If it was intended to charge collusion, the charge ought to have been expressly and unequivocally made. At any rate, the facts and circumstances stated should be such as to be inconsistent with an honest purpose; such as, if true, would clearly justify the inference and imputation of fraud. Neither the pleadings nor the proofs, in our judgment, warrant such inference or imputation. It was more than two years after the qualification of the administrator before suit was brought on the bond, and no defence was made because none was known to the administrator which could be successfully made, as will be manifest from a consideration of the objections urged against the allowance of the debt, independently of the judgment. The first is, that the claim is barred by the act of limitations. Assuming that such a defence by the heirs was admissible, the act ceased to run at the commencement of the action at law. Pugh and others v. Russell and others, 27 Gratt. 789, 800; Peck v. Wheaton’s Heirs, 1 Martin & Yerger (Tenn.), 353, 360. The bond bears date the 6th of January, 1849, and is payable on demand. At the time it was exe- • cuted, there was no statutory limitation to our action upon it. By the Code of 1849, which took effect July 1, 1850, a limitation of twenty years was imposed to actions on such instruments entered into before the Code went into operation, the time to be computed from July 2, 1850. (See Code of 1873, ch. 146, §§ 8, 22; ch. 209, § 1.) — 45 — In making the computation, the period of the late war • is to be deducted, for it is conceded that during that period the creditor resided in territory under the dominion of one. of the belligerent powers, and the debtor in the territory of the other. In such case, under the rules of international law, which have been applied by the courts, State and Federal, to the late war between the States, these parties. are to be considered as in the attitude of alien enemies in their relation to each other during hostilities, and the pendency of war not only interdicted all intercourse between them, but suspended all remedies for the enforcement of their contract with each other, and consequently the operation of the act of limitations. Small’s Adm’r v. Lumpkin’s Ex’or and others, 28 Gratt. 832, 834, 835, and cases there cited; Hanger v. Abbott, 6 Wall. 532; Brown v. Hiatts, 15 Wall. 177, 184. After the close of the war, the stay-law continued in force until the 1st day of January, 1869. The suit at law against the administrator was instituted in August, and the suit in equity against the heirs in November, 1873. Making the proper deduction of time, the act of limitations had run less than sixteen years before the institution of either ■ of the suits. So that it is clear that the debt was not barred by the act. But it is further insisted, that if not barred, the presumption of payment arises from the lapse of time. That, the common law rule of presumption, after the lapse of twenty years from the time the right of action accrues, is. not affected by the statute imposing a positive bar, and may therefore be relied on, has been decided by this court in Booker’s Adm’r v. Booker’s Rep., 29 Gratt. 605. A like decision has been made by the court of appeals of West Virginia. Hale v. Pack’s Ex’ors, 10 W. Va. Rep. 145. But the presumption is not conclusive. It may be repelled by satisfactory proof. It is fully repelled in the present case by the two letters of Brewis, the one dated in 1859 and the other in — 46 — 1870, the latter written a few months only before his death, in both of which the debt is admitted. 2 Minor’s Inst. 758, 759; 4 do., part 1st, 502, 503. It is contended that these letters are not evidence against the heirs. ¥e are of a different opinion. At the time the letters were written, Brewis was not only executor, but also devisee under the will of John Lawson, and liable as such for his proportion of the debt to the other devisee to whom the letters were addressed. His admissions, therefore, to that devisee, bound him personally, and as they were evidence against him individually, they were in libe manner evidence against those (his heirs) claiming under him. This proposition would seem too plain for controvery. The last letter was distinctly proved, and the other, offered in evidence and referred to by the commissioner in his report, was not excepted to. If it had been objected to, it would, no doubt, have been proved as the other was. At all events, the objection to it here for the first time comes too late. Simmons v. Simmons’ Adm’r, 33 Gratt. 451, and cases cited. The only error in the decree is as to amount required to be paid by the heirs to redeem the reversionary interest ordered to be sold. As this reversion is the joint property of the complainant, Anthony Lawson and the heirs, the latter should have been required to pay for redemption one-half only of the debt. This is not such error, however, as requires a reversal of the decree. The decree may be amended, and as amended reaffirmed. It is stated by the commissioner in his report, that by the last ex parte settlement of the executorial accounts of Brewis, it appears that the estate of his testator was then indebted to him in a balance of $2,308.22. It is contended that the decree should have provided for the payment of this balance pari passu with the complainant’s debt. No such claim as this is set up in the answer of heirs, nor is the personal representative of Brewis a party to the suit. — 47 — If, however, the balance is owing, it ought iu justice to be paid. And when the cause is remanded, if the heirs desire it, they may have an inquiry into this matter, and to that end the complainant may be required to amend his bill and bring the personal representative before the court, .and, in the meantime, the execution of the decree affirmed by this court may be suspended until the enquiry has been made. And such will be the direction in the decree entered .here. Decree amended and affirmed.