N. & W. Railroad v. Wysor

Fauntleroy, J., delivered the opinion of the court. This suit is a common law action of trespass on the case for damages for the alleged violation by the defendant company of its special contract with the plaintiff, embodied in the terms and conditions of what is called a “commutation ticket,” and entitled on its face: “No. 161. Norfolk and Western Railroad Company. 2,500 mile ticket. Form C. Good over the Norfolk and Western railroad, and all divisions, and Shenandoah Valley railroad.” There was a general demurrer to the declaration, which was overruled. by the court. The declaration sets out a special contract, made by the plaintiff with the defendant for the transportation of the plaintiff over the roads of the defendant at a rate greatly less than the regular passenger fare. To show his rights as a passenger, and the defendant’s duties to him as such, the plaintiff sets out in his declaration the special contract of carriage as contained in his said commutation ticket. This said contract contains and expresses certain conditions and stipulations, with the reservation of distinct rights to the company, which the plaintiff accepted by a writing signed by him “in consideration of the reduced rates at which the ticket was sold to him.” These said conditions and stipulations, thus distinctly set out in the contract itself, are fully and particularly explained in the — 255 — “instructions to conductors,” which are printed in the ticket, and to which the attention of the plaintiff was specially called before he signed and accepted the contract of which they are part and parcel, and which, when read, admit of no doubt or question as to what was the intent of the parties when the contract was entered into as to the mode in which it was to be performed. To entitle the plaintiff to recover in this action for an alleged violation of this contract, he must aver in his declaration-, and prove that he had faithfully performed his part of the contract, or was willing and ready to perform it, but was prevented by the failure or inability of the railroad company to perform it on their part. The declaration nowhere alleges, avers, or pretends that the plaintiff had complied with the terms of the contract and performed what was required of him; hut the averments of his declaration show that he had willfully and deliberately violated both the letter and spirit of the contract, and had assumed such an attitude towards the defendant railroad company and its servants, as to prevent entirely the performance of the contract between him and the company, as it was intended and agreed. The contract is entire, and it must be construed as a whole. To strike out the conditions and stipulations which constitute the consideration or inducement to the company to enter into the special contract to carry the plaintiff at a reduced rate—only a little more than one-half of their regular fare— would be to destroy the contract and deprive it of its character as a special contract differing from that implied in the regular tickets sold by the company, and which the law makes in favor of every passenger who gets upon the train and pays his full passenger fare. For the foregoing reasons the demurrer to the declaration should have been sustained. But the decía — 256 — ration is demurrable'on the ground of a misjoinder of actions. The first and second counts are ex contractu, the third and last count is ex delicto—for a violent, willful, and malicious assault and battery. “Actions in tort cannot be joined, with causes arising out of contract.” 4 Minor’s Inst. 366. “The consequences of a misjoinder of counts or causes of action are more material than in case of a single count being defective; for, in the case of a misjoinder, however perfect the counts may respectively be in themselves, the declaration will be bad on general demurrer, but not (under our statute of jeofails—Code 1873, chapter 177, section 3) on motion in arrest of judgment or writ or error, unless a demurrer had been put in and overruled.” 1 Chitty’s Pleadings, page 236; 4 Minor’s Inst., page 367; Womack v. Circle, 29 Gratt. 196. The counsel for the plaintiff in error waived the demurrer, and requested this court to decide this case upon the facts in the record and the law applicable to the facts. It appears from the evidence that PI. C. Wysor, the defendant in error, who is the plaintiff in this suit, on the 30th day of June, 1884, got upon the train of the defendant company at Dublin, in Pulaski county, to go to Central depot, a distance of eight miles; that he was the owner of a twenty-five-hundred-mile commutation ticket or book, issued to him by the said company, numbered 161, containing the following “conditions”: “Only the two persons named in this contract are entitled to use the coupons herein. It entitles the authorized holder to travel to the extent of the miles indicated on the regular passenger trains, provided always, that he enters or leaves said trains at the regular stations of the company, as appears in its published schedules, at points at which it takes or leaves other passengers. The usual amount of locked personal baggage, &c. * * Coupons not good for passage if detached. In — 257 — consideration of the reduced rates at which this ticket is sold [we] hereby accept the above conditions. [Signed] “Henry C. Wysor, “S. Baskerville.” This commutation ticket or book has, conspicuously, “Instructions to Conductors.” First.—Conductors will detach coupons to cover number of miles passenger travels, and return same to auditor, together with other collections. Second.—Coupons from this book must not under any circumstances be accepted for passage if detached. Third.—Take up and return the cover of this book as soon as all, the coupons are detached. Fourth.—This ticket must not be honored unless it bears the stamp of office issuing the same. [Signed] A. Pope, General Passenger and Ticket Agent. Said ticket had coupons attached, so that the exact number of miles the passenger desired to travel could be readily detached. The said H. C. Wysor, the plaintiff, ordered the ticket through the defendant company’s station agent at Dublin, from the general passenger and ticket agent of the company at Roanoke, Va.; who, as he knew, could only issue them, and who only could issue orders and instructions to the conductors for the regulation and running of the trains. And when he received the ticket or book he read the “instructions to conductors” on the inside of the said ticket to which his attention was particularly called, and he then read and signed the contract on the inside of the front cover of said ticket, and paid the said agent the fifty dollars and took the book. On the said 30th day of June, 1884, when the conductor of the train of defendant company, one Cabell Childress, came into the car, soon after the train got in motion from Dublin going east, he saw the plaintiff, Wysor, in — 258 — the car, and as he approached him to collect his fare he saw him in the act of detaching the coupons from his commutation ticket. He at once extended his hand towards the plaintiff, saying: “Stop; don’t do that. I—I can’t take the coupons if you tear them out.” The plaintiff disregarded this remonstrance, and tendered to the said conductor four coupons, which he had detached from his ticket, representing eight miles of travel, or twenty cents, saying to the conductor that he could have the ticket or book to identify the coupons, but that he must not tear his book. The conductor refused to take the coupons thus tendered to him, and told the plaintiff that unless he would let him have the book to detach coupons himself for the number of miles plaintiff intended to travel he would be obliged to put him off; that it was his duty, under the express orders and regulations of the company, to detach the coupons himself. The plaintiff then said: “You will have to put me off; stop your train.” The conductor thereupon did stop the train and told the plaintiff to get off. He (the plaintiff) got up and walked out of the car and off the train about one-half mile from the station at which he got on. The plaintiff, Wysor, had some time before that detached his coupons from his ticket while a passenger upon Childress’s train, and tendered them to the said Childress, conductor, for his fare, who at first refused to receive them, but did accept them, and carried the said Wysor to his destination. On that occasion Childress called the attention of Wysor to his contract with the company, as contained in his ticket, and the instructions to the conductors, to which the said Wysor replied: “You have on two occasions torn out of my book too much, and I don’t intend for you to tear it again. I shall continue to tear out my coupons. This is my book; I bought it, and paid' my money for it, and I have a right to do with it as I please.” To this the said conductor replied that he (Childress) — 259 — was bound to obey faithfully and strictly the rules and regulations of the company; that if the plaintiff did that with him again he would not receive the coupons, and would put him off his train. The said Wysor had had trouble with other conductors on defendant’s road about the same matter, and had been put off the trains by two other conductors, and he had brought three suits against the company for it. The plaintiff, Wysor, stated in his evidence that when Childress and the other conductors had their attention called to the fact that they had detached too many coupons from his ticket they promptly corrected the mistake, and handed back to him the excess. Upon this evidence the plaintiff instituted this action, as set forth in the declaration, upon his contract, which he introduced in evidence and relied on before the jury to recover damages from the company. The circuit court refused to give the instructions asked for by the defendant, except the fourth, as follows: “The court instructs the jury that if the plaintiff first deliberately violated his contract with the defendant, he is not entitled to recover, provided no unnecessary force was used to eject him.” And then the court, of its own motion, instructed the jury as follows: “The court instructs the jury: The commutation tickets, as are described by the evidence in this cause, being sold by the railroad company at reduced rates under contract, the holder thereof should substantially, in. using them, comply with the contract, and in this case a substantial compliance with the contract required that the coupons . should be detached either by the conductor of the train to whom presented, or the same be done in his presence and sight, and when so done the book or ticket should be presented for . examination and identification along with the coupons; and if the evidence shows that the plaintiff detached the coupons, or any of them, without the presence of the conductor, and did — 260 — so intentionally to prevent the conductor of the train from detaching them, the conductor' had a right to refuse to receive the coupons so detached and presented, and to demand payment of fare before carrying the passenger further, and to eject him if he refused to pay, provided without using unnecessary force. But if the evidence shows, on the contrary, that the coupons were wholly detached in the presence of the conductor, and were presented along with the book or ticket for examination and identification, then it was the duty of the conductor to receive the coupons and carry the passenger to his destination; and to eject him under such circumstances, renders the railroad company liable for damages, to be estimated according to the time, place and circumstances attending the eviction and the inconveniences and special damages sustained by the party evicted.” Under these instructions the jury found a verdict for the plaintiff for $550 damages, which verdict the court refused to set aside on motion of the defendant, and the court entered judgment upon the said verdict for the said damages and costs against the defendant company. We are of opinion that the verdict of the jury is contrary to the law and the evidence in the case, and that the circuit court erred in refusing to set it aside, on the motion of the defendant, and in refusing to grant a new trial, and also in giving the instruction which was given by the court to the jury, of its own motion, instead of the instructions asked for by the defendant. It is well-settled law that a carrier has a right to make reasonable rules and regulations for the conduct of its affairs, and that they are binding upon the passengers and the public dealing with the carrier when brought to their notice; provided, always, that these conditions and regulations and instructions are kept within the rule which prohibits, upon principles of public policy, certain conditions or contracts to be made — 261 — exempting carriers from liability for negligence, or for failure to comply with obligations or duties to the public imposed by law. Rorer on Railroads, p. 979-80 and 985; 1 Am. and Eng. R. R. Cases, p. 253; Western Union Telegraph Company v. Reynolds Brothers, 77 Va. (2 Hansbrough), 173. The reasonableness of the rules and regulations of a railroad company is a question of law addressed to the courts. The regulations and rules of the defendant company as contained in “instructions to conductors” are reasonable and do not interfere with or infringe any rights of the plaintiff belonging to him in common with others, to be carried safely, peaceably, and comfortably, and with convenient dispatch over the company’s roads. It was the clear, explicit, and expressed intention and agreement of the plaintiff and defendant, at the time the contract of carriage was entered into, that the conductor should detach the coupons for the number of miles the plaintiff informed him he intended to travel, and the conditions and stipulations of the special contract of carriage— “coupons not good for passage if detached”; “conductors will detach coupons,” &c.; “.coupons from this book must not, under any circumstances, be accepted for passage if detached”—were made to prevent imposition and fraud upon the company, and as a reasonable and necessary instruction of the railroad company to its conductors as to what shall be evidence to them of the right of the holder of the commutation ticket to be a passenger upon its trains, and to enjoy the rights and privileges of a passenger at the reduced rate of fare; and the plaintiff expressly agreed to present the book or ticket to the conductor as a whole, so that he could comply faithfully and obediently with the orders of his superiors; and it was a plain violation of his contract for the plaintiff to detach the coupon and to demand that the conductor should receive it in a mutilated form. The plaintiff says that he knew all about these — 262 — rules and regulations, and read them before he signed the contract; and without this condition, that the conductor should detach the coupons, and not the holder of the ticket or book, the company would not have made the contract with the plaintiff. If he had insisted, or even intimated, before the ticket was delivered to him, that this condition or rule should be expunged, or he would not sign the contract, then he could not have purchased the ticket. Mr. Pope, the general passenger and ticket agent, would have then refused to sell him the ticket, and he would have been compelled to buy the regular tickets at the full rate of first-class passenger fare. The company would have had the absolute right to refuse to sell the plaintiff this commutation ticket if he had insisted upon the right, as he now does, to detach the coupons; and there is no power to compel the company to sell tfiese tickets at a reduced rate, except upon such terms and conditions as they choose to make with the buyers of them. The railroad company has the right to make these reasonable conditions, and the violation of any of these conditions forfeits the right of the holder of the ticket to be carried as a passenger upon the terms of the ticket, and he may be expelled from the train by the conductor without any liability for damages upon the company, provided that no unnecessary force be used. The plaintiff in this case contracted with express reference to and recognition of this necessary and reasonable rule of the company, for the direction of the conductors, to prevent fraud, deceit, and imposition; and the plaintiff had no right to contend and squabble with the conductor about a construction of his contract, and to insist that the conductor should violate the express orders of his superiors in office and put himself in the attitude of disobedience, and to demand that he should stop the train and expel him, to the annoyance, delay, and discomfort of the other passengers, with the direct and sinister — 263 — design of suing the company, and, under the guise of law and aid of the courts, to mulct them in a verdict for damages. The verdict of the jury is for excessive, punitive, and exemplary damages, and it should have been set aside by the court. Such damages belong alone to actions of tort, and there is no evidence of a willful and malicious purpose or intent by the company, or its servants, to wrong or injure the plaintiff, or of any neglect of duty to the public, or of negligence or indifference; but, on the contrary, the evidence is full and conclusive that the plaintiff got upon the defendant’s train, expecting to be expelled, and so conducted himself as to compel his expulsion from the train, with a view of suing the company for a wrongful expulsion, with the systematic and persistent design of making money by his self-sought and self-inflicted martyrdom. He must take nothing by his false clamor. Enlightened policy, as well as a sound and impartial'administration of justice, will, while railroad companies as carriers aré held to a strict performance of all their difficult and dangerous duties under the law, shield them from excessive and oppressive verdicts where they are not in fault. . The verdict of the jury in this case must he set aside, the plaintiff’s declaration be quashed, and the judgment of the circuit court be reversed and annulled; with costs in favor of the plaintiff in error. Judgment reversed.