Norfolk & Western Railroad v. Mills & Fairfax

Cardwell, J., delivered the opinion of the court. This case is the sequel to the case of Mills & Fairfax v. N. & W. R. R. Co., 90 Va. 528, and grows out of a contract under seal between Mills & Fairfax and the N. & W. R. R. Co., dated the 1st day of February, 1887, whereby Mills & Fairfax agreed with the railioad company to build a specified portion of the Elkhorn blanch of the Flat Top extension of the company’s line of railroad, including the tunnel to be excavated to a finished section in a rectangular shape sixteen feet wide and nineteen feet high above sub-grade, through the Flat Top mountain on the Number 3 Coal Bed. The contract is voluminous, but the whole controversy depends upon — 620 — the price to be paid for the excavation of certain sections of the tunnel, Henry Fairfax, one of the contractors who did the work, and for whose benefit the suit is brought, maintaining that he is entitled to $3.50 per cubic yard instead of $1.75, the amount allowed him. The following provisions in the contract bear directly on this subject: “For Flat Top tunnel excavation, coal at 85 cents per ton of 2,210 lbs; for Flat Top tunnel excavation, rock and other material, at $1.75 per cubic yard. ” * * * “The nineteen (19) feet of height of the section (of the tunnel) will be made up in its lower half partly of No. 3 coal bed, and its upper half of the over-lying slates, fire-clay and sandstone. ” * * * “If the coal bed should become of a less thickness than four feet exclusive of the slates and coal not usually mined in run of mine coal in adjoining collieries, this will entitle the contractor to the price of three and one-half ($3.50) dollars per cubic yard for the entire section of the tunnel instead of the prices for coal and other excavation mentioned herein.” The contract also contains these provisions: “III. Payment is to be made by the party of the second part for work done and materials furnished under this contract, on or about the fifteenth day of each month, upon proper estimates rendered on the last clay of the preceding month for the work done and materials furnished during the preceding month to the extent of and not beyond 85 per cent, of the amount of such estimates, and such monthly estimate, to be valid, must be accompanied by the certificate of the engineer of the company approving the same and declaring that the work done and materials furnished as therein stated are according to this contract, and that the charges for the same are according to this contract, and without such certificate, no estimate shall be valid and no payment can be demanded, and in all questions connected with such estimates and the amounts payable thereby and thereunder, the decision of the said engineer shall — 621 — be final and conclusive on all parties; and the balance thereof, or the 15 per cent, remaining due on such estimates, shall not be payable until the whole work to be done under this contract has been fully completed, but shall be kept back as part of the security for the performance of this contract on the part of the parties of the first part.” ££IV. When the engineer in charge has furnished his certificate that all the work embraced in this contract has been completed agreeably to the specifications and in accordance with the directions and to the satisfaction and acceptance of the said engineer, there shall be a final estimate made of the quality, character, and value of said work, according to the terms of this agreement, when the balance appearing due to the said parties of the first part according to the certificate of said engineer, shall be paid to them within thirty days thereafter upon their giving a release under seal to the party of the second part from all claims or demands whatsoever, growing in any manner out of this agreement, and upon their procuring and delivering to the party of the second part full release in proper form and duly executed, from mechanics and material men, of all liens, claims, and demands for materials furnished and provided, and work and labor done and performed upon or about the work herein contracted for under this contract.” All work under the contract having been completed by Henry Fairfax, to whom Mills had assigned all interest therein, and Fairfax refusing to accept payment according to the final estimates made out and certified to by the engineer, under the fourth clause of the contract, an action of covenant was instituted in the court below to recover the 15 per cent, reserved under ££ section 3” of the contract, and the difference between $1.75 per cubic yard and $3.50 for a section of 1,200 lineal feet, equal to 13,200 cubic yards, of the tunnel from which the coal vein entirely disappeared. — 622 — The allegations contained in the three counts in the declaraton filed, may be briefly stated as follows: First. That the work upon the tunnel was completed by plaintiffs on July 8, 1888, (the stipulation in the contract requiring its completion by August 1, 1887, having, during the progress of the work, and for a valuable consideration, been waived by the defendant company), in the most workmanlike and substantial manner, and to the satisfaction and acceptance of the engineer of the defendant company, and in accordance with the stipulations, &c., in the contract; that the defendant did not carry out or comply with the stipulations, &c., of the contract, in this: that it had not paid tbe plaintiffs $3.50 per cubic yard for 1,200 lineal feet of the tunnel, making 13,200 cubic yards, for which plaintiffs were entitled to receive $3.50 per cubic yard, but paid plaintiffs only $1.75 per cubic yard for the 13,200 cubic yards; that the coal bed did not only become of a less thickness than four feet, exclusive of slate, &c., but disappeared entirely from the tunnel for l,-200 lineal feet, at eleven cubic yards per running foot, making 13,200 cubic yards, and for which plaintiffs are entitled to compensation at the rate of $3.50 per cubic yard, according to contract, &o.; that the defendant company did, by its engineer, on the 8th of July, 1888, make a so-called final estimate of said work, but the alleged final estimate is not according to the price fixed for the section of the tunnel in which coal bed “No. 3” became of less thickness than four feet, &c.; that after the completion of the work on the tunnel and the acceptance thereof by the engineer, the defendant company has failed to pay the plaintiff the 15 jper cent, retained by the defendant, and remaining due to plaintiffs according to the tenor and effect of the contract, &c., although plaintiffs were then, and have ever since been, ready and willing, upon the performance by the defendant of the covenants and agreements of the contract, on its part with the — 623 — plaintiffs, to give a release under seal to the defendant, and to provide and deliver to defendant a full release in proper form and duly executed from mechanics, &c., as provided for in the contract; and that both the monthly and final estimates made by the engineer, were not made according to the terms of the contract, but were made in open and direct violation of the terms and intendment of the agreement under seal between the parties, in this: that by the estimates of the engineer, the price of $3.50 per cubic yard, fixed by the contract or agreement for the section of the tunnel in which the coal bed “No. 3” became of less thickness than four feet, (and in fact, wholly disappeared from the tunnel) was altered by the engineer and put at $1.75 per cubic yard, and that, in so doing, the engineer made a mistake so gross as to amount to a fraud upon the plaintiffs, depriving them of the sum of $23,100, to which they are entitled under the contract. . Second. The second count is like the first, except that, in charging that the estimates and certificates of the engineer were a mistake so gross as to amount to a fraud, it alleges that “the engineer, at the time the said certificate and estimates were made, knew that the said cNo. 3’ coal bed not only became of less thickness than four feet, as aforesaid, but entirely disappeared from the tunnel, which said conduct on the part of the engineer is a fraud upon the rights of the said plaintiffs.! ’ The third count need not be noticed, as it was not relied on, and may be considered out of the case. The defendant railroad company demurred to this declaration, and to each count thereof, “the demurrer being not to its form, but to its substance, and going to the merits of the case, ’ ’ in which demurrer plaintiffs joined; whereupon the Circuit Court on September 3, 1892, sustained the demurrer, and to this judgment a writ of error was awarded the plaintiffs by this court. Upon a hearing of the cause by this court, the judgment — 624 — of the. Circuit Court was reversed, and the cause remanded for a trial on the merits of the case, (90 Va. 523, supra,) which trial was had at the September term of the Circuit Court, 1894, and a verdict rendered by the jury in favor of the plaintiffs for the sum of $29,512.44, with interest from July 8, 1888, till paid, and judgment entered by the court accordingly. To this judgment a writ of error was awarded the defendant company by this court, and the case is now here for the second time. We will first consider the effect of the decision of this court on the former appeal. This court, in disposing, on the former appeal, of the demurrer to the declaration—that is, in determining whether or not the facts alleged in the declaration, or ■ in either count thereof, are sufficient to give plaintiffs a good cause of action—must of necessity have construed the contract upon which the action is brought. We have only to examine the opinion of the court (90 Va. 527) to find that this court then construed this clause to mean that if the coal bed became of less thickness than four feet, exclusive of slates, &c., or, in fact, entirely disappeared from the tunnel for a distance of 1,200 lineal feet, equal to 13,200 cubic yards, as alleged in the declaration, or for any distance, then the plaintiffs should recover of the defendant the difference between $1.75 per cubic yard, and $3.50 per cubic yard, for those sections of the tunnel in which the coal vein became of less thickness than four feet, <$¿g. , or from which the coal vein entirely disappeared. We further find that this decision of the court also determined, (using substantially the language of the opinion) that if the engineer in charge of this work, notwithstanding the clear and explicit provision in the contract, and the acknowledged disappearance of the coal vein from the course of the tunnel, and notwithstanding that the work had been completed by plaintiffs agreeably to the specifications, and in accordance — 625 — with his directions and to his satisfaction and acceptance; yet certifies, on the 8th of July, 1888, that the plaintiffs are entitled to only $1.75 per cubic yard instead of $3.50 per cubic yard for that section of the tunnel from which the coal vein entirely disappeared, this conduct on the part of tbe engineer was either a fraud, or a mistake so gross as to amount to a fraud upon plaintiffs’ rights, and in either event plaintiffs were entitled to recover. It furthermore decides and determines that if the estimates made out by the engineer are not correct, because fraudulent, or because not within the terms of the contract, the tender of the release, or releases, provided for in the fourth clause of the contract, was not necessary before plaintiffs could maintain their action for the amount due by defendant on the tunnel work, or the 15 per eenimm reserved till the work was completed. We are of opinion that the construction placed upon the contract between the parties on the former appeal is correct; and that the court rightly decided the matters stated. That construction of the contract, together with the court’s ruling on the points stated, became the law of this case, and it is a well-settled rule of this court, that a question which has been decided upon the first appeal in any cause, cannot be reviewed or reversed upon any subsequent appeal in the same cause. Holleran v. Meisel, ante p. 143, and the authorities there cited. This court having overruled the defendant’s demurrer, the case was remanded to the Circuit Court for the plaintiffs to maintain the allegations in their declaration by proof; and all questions of fact were to be determined by the jury under proper instructions to be given by the court to guide them in reaching their conclusions. The real controversy in this case may be briefly stated thus: It is contended ou behalf of plaintiff in error that the true — 626 — meaning of the contract between the parties is, whether the coal vein remained in the rectangle of the tunnel, as set forth in the specifications, or not, if the vein or bed of coal did not become of a less thickness than four feet, exclusive of slate, &c., and defendants in error were able to follow it and make use of it in driving the “Heading of the tunnel,” the contract provided that they were to receive $1.75 per cubic yard only, for excavating the material from the section of the tunnel from which the coal vein entirely disappeared, and not $3.50; second, that by acquiescing in certain changes in the mode of doing the work under the contract, defendants in error had waived their right to claim the higher price for excavating the material from the section of the tunnel from which the coal vein disappeared entirely, if they ever had that right; third, that by accepting and receipting for the monthly estimates certified by the railroad company’s engineer, defendants in error waived theii right to recover the higher price specified in the contract for excavating the material in the section of the tunnel from which the coal vein entirely disappeared; and fourth, that defendants m error could not recover in this action because they had not tendered to the plaintiff in error the release, or releases, provided for in the fourth section of the contract. On the other hand, it is contended by the defendants in error that the true meaning of the contract is, that the coal vein having disappeared entirely from the rectangle of the tunnel for 1,200 lineal feet, equal to 13,200 cubic yards, they were entitled to receive $3.50 per cubic yard for excavating this section of the tunnel, instead of the $1.75 paid them. 2d. That there has been no modification of the contract, or change in the mode of doing the work in the tunnel, acquiesced in by the defendants in error, which deprived them of the higher price specified in the contract for excavating the — 627 — material from that portion of the tunnel from which the coal vein entirely disappeared. 3d. That, in accepting and receipting for the monthly estimates certified by the engineer, defendants in error did not waive their right to recover the difference between §1.75 per cubic yard for the 13,200 cubic yards of material, exclusive of slates, &c., excavated from the section of the tunnel from which the coal vein entirely disappeared, and §3.50, as the engineer, in certifying said monthly estimates, was guilty of a fraud, or a mistake so gross as to amount to a fraud, upon the rights of defendants in error, and that they had received these monthly payments under protest, relying upon receiving the true amount due them under the final estimate to be made, as provided in the fourth clause of the contract. 4th. That they were not estopped from’ bringing this suit on the ground that they had failed to tender to the plaintiff in error the release, or releases, provided for in the fourth clause of the contract, because the engineer, in certifying the monthly estimates and the final estimate of the work done in the tunnel, was guilty of a fraud, or of a mistake so gross as to amount to a fraud, upon the rights of the defendants in error; and, 5th. That all claims for labor or material having been paid by contractors, and the time within which laborers and material men could acquire a lien under the statute having expired, it was unnecessary for defendants in error to tender release, under fourth clause of contract, before instituting this suit. The decision of this court on the former appeal, as we have already seen, settled all controversy over the construction of the contract in favor of the contention of the defendants in error; and, to determine whether they w ere entitled to recover the difference between $1.75 per cubic yard and $3.50 per cubic yard of material excavated from the section of the — 628 — tunnel from which the coal vein' entirely disappeared, it was only necessary for defendants in error to show by proof, at the trial before the jury, that the coal vein did dip out of or entirely disappear from the rectangle of the tunnel for 1,200 lineal feet, equal to 13,200 cubic yards, as alleged in the declaration. Upon proof of these facts, the burden was shifted from the defendants in error to the plaintiff in error, and the defendants in error were entitled to the verdict under the law, as established by this court, unless the plaintiff in error could make good the one or the other of the several grounds of defence heretofore enumerated. This was the crucial test as to the right of the defendants in error to a verdict by the jury, for, as we have seen, this court, on the first appeal, construed the contract according to the contention of the defendants in error, and also decided that if it was ' shown by proof that the coal vein did entirely disappear from the section in the rectangle of the tunnel, as alleged in the declaration, and the engineer, in the face of this fact, made and certified estimates of the work only allowing defendants, in error the price fixed by the contract for the work estimated in that part of the tunnel as though the coal vein continued therein, and not of less thickness than fou r feet, exclusive of slates, &c., this was a fraud on the part of the engineer, or a mistake so gross as to amount to a fraud upon the rights of the defendants in error, and that they were entitled to recover; and further, that if this should be shown by the evidence to be the case, it was not necessary, before bringing their suit, for defendants in error to tender to plaintiff in error the release, or releases, provided for in section four of the contract. The enquiry, therefore, to be made here, is whether or not the matters to be determined by (he jury have, under the instructions given by the court below, been fairly and rightly submitted to them. Exception is taken to the ruling of the trial court in refusing — 629 — seven instructions asked for on behalf of plaintiff in error. The first three were properly rejected, because plainly misleading and inapplicable. They were predicated upon the erroneous assumption that a willingness on the part of the railroad company to pay to Fairfax the amount shown to be due on the final estimate certified by the engineer was the equivalent of a lawful tender of the amount, followed by bringing the money into court to make the tender good, while in point of fact, no such tender was ever made. Instruction No. 4 was properly refused, because misleading and well calculated to convey to the minds of the .jury the idea that they could not find for the plaintiffs unless the evidence was sufficient to establish intentional, that it,, wilful fraud, or actual fraud, and this was not in accord with the decision of this court on the former appeal. In the opinion of the court, after quoting from the case of Condon v. Southside R. R. Co., 14 Gratt. 302, as authority, for his conclusion, Fauntleroy, J., says: “But, even though no fraud, mistake, or misconduct, is alleged in the declaration, still it is alleged that the estimate and certificate of the engineer are not within the terms of the submission, but are in violation of the contract, and are for that reason void and inconclusive. The declaration alleges that the contract fixed the compensation of the plaintiffs, under the circumstances admitted, at $3.50 per cubic yard, and that the estimate of the engineer fixed the compensation at $1.75 per cubic yard. If this be true, the engineer has exceeded his authority, and abrogated the contract between the parties.” This, to our mind, fairly states the law, and negatives the idea that it is necessary to inculpate the engineer in intentional, wilful fraud in order to warrant the jury in finding that the estimates certified to by him were not conclusive of the rights of the plaintiffs to recover in this suit. When the engineer’s estimates are fairly made, in accordance with the manner pointed out — 630 — in. the contract, they are binding; and when not fairly made, they are not binding. Morse on Arbitration & Award, 38, and cases cited. Instruction Ho. 5 was given by the court as asked for by the defendant, except that the court adopted it as its own instruction Ho. 8, which in no way prejudiced the defendant. So far as proper to have been given, Instruction No. 6 is covered by the instructions given by the court. The 7th and last instruction asked for by the defendant is covered by Ho. 9 given by the court, with an obviously proper addition thereto. The ten instructions given by the court in lieu of those asked for by both parties, are as follows: Ho. 1—“ The court instructs the jury that if they believe from the evidence that Fairfax received from the railroad company compensation for the materials moved from the tunnel at the rate of $1.75 per cubic yard for that portion in dispute, and that he relied on his ability to adjust the matter satisfactorily with said company, and that, under all the circumstances, he had the right, reasonably, to so rely, from his conversation with Paddock and other officers of the company, then the acceptance of such payment at $1.75 is not to be taken as a waiver of his rights under the contract, or as acquiescing in the construction placed upon contract by defendant. The jury must determine from all the facts and circumstances of the case whether the plaintiff has, by his conduct, waived any of his rights under said contract, or has acquiesced in the construction placed on the contract by the defendant. ’ ’ Ho. 2—“The court instructs the jury that by the terms of the written contract sued upon, which are as f oIIoavs: ‘ If the coal- vein should become of a less thickness than four feet exclusive of slates and coal not usually mined in run of mine eoal in adjoining collieriés, this will entitle the contractor to — 631 — the price of $3.50 per cubic yard for the entire section of the tunnel instead of the price of $1.75 per cubic yard’—the parties had reference to the rectangle as shown on the blue print, nineteen feet high above the sub-grade, which may have been fixed at a point not exceeding two feet below the bottom of the Ro. 3 coal bed as opened at each portal; and, if the jury believe from the evidence that the said coal vein became of less thickness than four feet in said rectangle, then the plaintiff is entitled to the price of $3.50 per cubic yard for the space in which it was less than four feet thick, unless the jury believe that the parties placed a different construction upon said contract, or changed said contract by agreement. And the court further instructs the jury, that, though they may believe from the evidence that, when it became apparent that the coal vein disappeared from said rectangle by a dip or deflection in the vein, that the plaintiff assented to a change in the mode of doing the work contemplated, by agreeing to excavate the coal bed in its entire length, to the western portal, before taking down the top of the tunnel, and that, when said agreement was made for the change in the mode of the work, if nothing was said in reference to the price of the work to be done, (provided they believe such change in the mode of doing the work did not necessarily contemplate a change in the price also), then the terms mentioned in the written contract, as to the price, would prevail, and the plaintiff would be entitled to the price of $3.50 per cubic yard for the part of the work in dispute, unless the jury believe from the evidence that the defendant so construed the contract at the time the change in the mode of the work was agreed upon and while the work was being performed, as to entitle the plaintiff to demand and receive only the sum of $1.75 per cubic yard for said work, and that the plaintiff, with full knowledge of the defendant’s construction of the said contract acquiesced in the said construction. ’ ’ — 632 — No. 3—“The court instructs the jury that in determining the question whether or not the plaintiff acquiesced in the construction of the contract on the part of the defendant by which the defendant paid and the plaintiff received $1.75 per cubic yard for the material in the section of the tunnel in dispute they are to look to all the circumstances of the case and the plaintiff would not be considered as acquiescing in the defendant’s construction of the contract unless he has neglected to assert his own construction thereof to the defendant or its agents for such length of time as to warrant the defendant in fairly believing that he had waived or abandoned his right to demand more than $1.75 per cubic yard.” No. 4—“The court instructs the jury to disregard all the evidence of the construction put upon this contract by W. W. Coe at the time this contract was entered into, unless the jury believe that the said construction was communicated by said Coe to Mills & Fairfax,’ and was acquiesced in by them, or unless the said Mills & Fairfax put the same construction on said contract at said time; and though they may believe from the evidence that immediately prior to and about the time the contract was written and signed by the plaintiffs the probability was discussed between W. W. Coe and the plaintiffs as to the ‘petering out’ of the coal vein in the mountain, yet such discussion cannot be considered by the jury as sufficient to change, modify, or add to the provisions and terms of said written contract but only for the purpose of ascertaining the circumstance connected with the subject matter of the contract at the time it was made, and the object and purpose of the parties as avowed at the time they entered into the contract; but the terms of said contract are to be construed as directed by the court in instruction No. 3.” No. 5—“If the jury believe from the evidence that the plaintiff in this case completed the tunnel through the Flat Top mountain iu a workmanlike manner and substantial manner, — 633 — and to the satisfaction and acceptance of the engineer of the Norfolk and Western Railroad Company, and that the tunnel was accepted by said company, then the said plaintiff is entitled to recover any sum that may be due him for said work undei the contract sued on, although there was a change in the method of doing the work which said change was ordered by the Norfolk and Western Railroad Company.” No. 6—“If the jury believe from the evidence that there was no change in the contract sued on, or no construction of it by the parties different fiom the construction given it by the court; and if the jury further believe that the coal bed became of less thickness than four feet, exclusive of the slates and coal not usually mined in run of mine coal in adjoining collieries, in the rectangle sixteen feet wide and nineteen feet high, and described in the written contract, for the space of 1,200 lineal feet, which is equal to 13,200 cubic yards; and, if the jury further believe that the engineer of the Norfolk and Western Railroad Company, in his estimates for said work allowed the said Fairfax $1.75 per cubic yard, then these estimates are not in accordance with the terms of the contract sued on, but in making the said estimates the engineer committed a mistake so gross as to amount to a fraud upon the plantiff and neither the said monthly or final estimates are binding or conclusive upon the said plaintiff, but he is entitled to $3.50 per cubic yard for the aforesaid 13,200 cubic yards, subject to any proper credits.5 ’ No. 7—“If the jury believe from the evidence that there was no change in the contract sued on and no construction of it by the parties different from that placed upon it by the court; and if the jury further believe that the coal bed became of a less thickness than four feet, exclusive of the slates and coal not usually mined in run of mine coal in adjoining collieries, in the rectangle sixteen feet wide and nineteen feet high, described in the written contract, for the space of 1,200 — 634 — lineal feet, which is equal to 13,200 cubic yards, and if the jury further believe that the engineer of the Norfolk and Western Railroad Company knew the said coal vein became of less thickness than four feet, as aforesaid, in the rectangle aforesaid, at the time of his making the monthly and final estimates, and the said engineer allowed the said Fairfax $1.75 per cubic yard for said material in said estimates, instead of $3.50 peí cubic yard, then these estimates are not in accordance with the terms of contract sued on, and this conduct on the part of the engineer is a fraud upon the rights of said plaintiff, and neither the said monthly or final estimates are binding and conclusive upon the said plaintiff, but he is entith d to recover $3.50 per cubic yard for the aforesaid 13,200 cubic yards, subject to any proper credits. ’ ’ No. 8—;£The court further instructs the jury that under the terms of the contract sued on in this case, the monthly estimates, in order to be valid, must be accompanied by the certificates of the chief engineer of the Norfolk and Western Railroad Company approving the same, and declaring that the work done and materials furnished, as therein stated, are according to the contract, and that the charges for the same are according to the contract; and without such certificate no payment could be demanded by the plaintiffs, and in all questions connected with such estimates, and the amounts payable thereby and thereunder, the decision of the said engineer is final and conclusive on both parties. And the court further instructs the jury, that if they believe from the evidence that the price fixed for the excavation mentioned in the plaintiffs’ declaration was fixed in the monthly estimates provided for in said contract, and that said estimates were afterwards approved by the said engineer, and his certificates appended thereto, as provided in said contract, then the prices so fixed for all the work included in said estimates must be considered by the jury as the correct prices, unless the jury — 635 — further believe from the evidence that, in approving said estimates and in making his decision in reference thereto, and in giving the certificate approving the same, the said engineer was guilty of intentional fraud, or of such gross mistake as to necessarily imply bad faith on his part.” No. 9—“The court further instructs the jury that under the terms of the contract sued on in this case, the line of road or the gradients could be changed in any manner or at any time if the chief engineer of the defendant company should consider such change necessary or expedient, and that, in case of any such change, no claim for an inciease of prices of excavating or embankment on the part of the plaintiffs on that account would be valid, or be required to be considered by the said engineer, unless such claim or claims were made in writing before the work on that part of the section where such alteration was made, was commenced. Where this provision in the contract conflicts with the special • provisions in relation to building the tunnel, the special provisions must prevail. ’ ’ No. 10—“If the jury believe that the estimates provided for in the contract were proper, and show the correct amounts due the plaintiffs, then, before the plaintiffs could institute suit to recover the reserved percentage, they were bound to tender to the defendant the release stipulated for in the contract. But if the jury believe that the .estimates were not proper because fraudulent, then the tender of such release was not necessary in order to give the plaintiffs the right to sue.: ’ We will not consider these instructions seriatim. We are of opinion that they fairly cover the entire case, and properly submit the questions of fact to be determined to the jury. The main question of fact upon which the case turned before the jury was whether or not there had been any change or modification of the contract or in doing the work in the — 636 — tunnel, acquiesced in by the defendants in error, whereby they waived their right to recover the difference between $1.76 and $3.50 per cubic yard of the excavation in the section of the tunnel for which the coal vein entirely disappeared. It is stated by counsel for plaintiff in error in their brief, that the facts in the case are few and undisputed, and it is also stated in the petition for the writ of error as a fact which had not been disputed, that there was no change or modification made in the contract whatsoever, except the following: “That before any work was done on the tunnel at all, the parties having ascertained that, probably, the coal would make a dip at a certain point in the tunnel (as it had been ascertained that the same coal bed in that region in other mines had made a dip), instead of following strictly the provision of the specifications, which read as follows: ‘The work to be so prosecuted from each end as to insure that the headings meet in close proximity to the centre of the tunnel, and the work of taking down the top shall closely follow that of making the coal excavation—the parties agreed that they should first follow the coal bed from one side of the mountain to the other, and not take down the top until after all the coal had been excavated; and the plaintiff not only acquiesced in the modification, but approved of it, and agreed to do away with certain provisions in his favor set forth in the specifications if such a modification should be made. ’ ” No w, it appears from the evidence that the provisions done away with by this modification were the requirements that certain air chambers or shafts for ventilating the tunnel as the work progressed, that were to be construed, by the railroad company might be dispensed with, the president of the company being anxious to be relieved from building them; but this was not assented to by the contractors except on the condition that the company would furnish the material to make the brettice work in the tunnel. It is furthermore stated as a fact, in the pe — 637 — tition of plaintiff in error, that there was no other modification whatever made, either as to the prices or as to any other prov'sions of the contract, and this statement is fully sustained by the facts. The question as to whether defendant in error had acquiesced in the construction of the contract by which plaintiff in error.paid, and he received, $1.75 per cubic yard for excavating the material in the section of the tunnel in dispute, or had waived or abandoned his right to demand more than $1.75 per cubic yard, was for the jury to determine upon the evidence before them, and that question was fully submitted to them under the instructions of the court. See Court’s Instructions, Eos. 1, 2, and 3 above. The proper determination of the several points of defence involved a consideration by the jury of the whole course of dealings between the parties, and their relations to each other, and especially of the evidence bearing upon the allegations of fraud or gross mistake. These are matters peculiarly within the province of the jury to determine, and the court in its instructions properly left them the largest latitude, and invited them to explore and consider all the evidence adduced in the case before, reaching a conclusion. It seems to us that the law governing the case was also fully and fairly given to the jury, to enable it correctly to weigh the evidence and decide upon the contention of the parties as to the effect of the receipts given by the defendants in error in settlement of the monthly estimates of the engineer, and also with respect to the failure of the defendants in error to tender releases as provided for in the fourth clause of the contract. See Court’s Instructions, Eos. 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10. Plantiff in error relies with apparent confidence upon the case of Amer. Manganese Co., Lim., v. Virginia Manganese Co., (recently decided by this court) ante, p. 272, as authority — 638 — in point upon the question as to whether defendants in error by receipting for the monthly estimates waived their right to recover more than §1.75 per cubic yard for the material excavated in the section of the tunnel in dispute. The cases are wholly dissimilar. The Manganese Case was one of separate and independent transactions between the parties directly, running through a series of years. There was no intermediary or arbiter to whom their controversies were to be submitted, and of course, there was no suggestion of fraud or of mistake on the part of such arbiter, as is the case here, but it was a case of a party who, through a long and uninterrupted course of dealings, with full knowledge of all the facts, acquiesced in a construction of the contract placed upon it by the other party; and, finally, there was in the Manganese Case, no provision which is the equivalent in any respect, to the fourth clause of the contract here sued on, and which postponed a final settlement until the completion of the work, and then authorized an estimate to be made of its quality, character, and value. Exception is taken by the plaintiff in error to a verbal statement made by the judge presiding at the trial, when instruction Mo. 8 had been given, that “this instruction must be construed along with instructions Mo. 6 and 7, given;” but as this remark of the judge, could not in our opinion have affected the result, the exception is without merit. Plaintiff in error having failed to make objection at the time to the matters set forth in bills of exception Mos. 6 and 7, they cannot be considered by this court. 4 Minor’s Inst. Pt. 1 (2d ed.), 826; Mitchell v. Commonwealth of Va., 20 S. E. R. 892. "Weneed now only consider the exception of the plaintiff in error to the ruling of the trial court in refusing to set aside the verdict of the jury and grant a new trial on the ground that the verdict is contrary to the law and the evidence. There is no — 639 — conflict, as we have seen, as to the facts proved; and, if there was, the case stands here as upon a demurrer to the evidence of defendants in error; and applying the rule, too well settled to require citation of authority, that “this court will not interfere with the verdict of the jury unless it appears that it was rendered plainly against evidence or without evidence,” the verdict in this case must stand, as it is clearly sustained by the law and the evidence. For the foregoing reasons, we are of opinion that there is no error in any of the rulings of the Circuit Court of Boanoke city, and its judgment is therefore affirmed.