New York, Philadelphia & Norfolk Railroad v. Thomas

Riely, J., delivered the opinion of the court. The first assignment of error relates to the refusal of the court to give instructions numbered 1 and 2, in the form they were asked for by the plaintiff in error, and in giving them with certain amendments. The instructions as asked for were as follows: “ 1. If the jury believe from the evidence that the woods on the land of the plaintiffs adjoining the railway were ignited by particles of fire that issued from the defendant’s engine, and by means thereof the shatters, woods manure, and down timber on said land were consumed, and the growing trees — 608 — thereon injured, and stumps and butts of trees upon said woodland burnt down into the ground, leaving large and dangerous holes in many places in said woodland, this does not of itself justify the inference of negligence, but the fact of negligence must be established by additional evidence, and the burden of proof is on the plaintiffs to show it.” “ 2. If the jury believe from the evidence that the right of way of the defendant was as clear of inflammable matter as it reasonably could be, running through a large body of woodland, and that the fire was communicated by the defendant’s engine to the plaintiffs’ woodland and injuring the same, by first igniting on the defendant’s right of way, this of itself does not establish the fact that the defendant was guilty of negligence in this case.” The court gave the first instruction with this amendment: “ But the above circumstances are to be considered along with other circumstances attending said fire, in determining whether there was negligence or not.” And it amended the second instruction by substituting for the conclusion, “ this of itself does not establish the fact that the defendant was guilty of negligence in this case,” the following : Then such fact, along with any other facts, if any, is to be considered in determining whether or not the defendant company was guilty of negligence.” The instructions, in the form they were asked for, were erroneous in this, that each of them singled out certain facts which a part only of the.evidence tended to prove, and ignored all the other facts which the remainder of the evidence tended to prove, and were equally important in determining whether the defendant was guilty of negligence or not, and announced to the jury that such isolated facts did not in themselves constitute negligence. A single fact may, but rarely does, constitute negligence, anymore than a single link — 609 — makes a chain ; but a number of facts, which, viewed separately, would not make out a case of negligence, when considered together, may establish negligence as clearly as a number of links, when coupled together, surely form a chain. It was eminently proper of the court to amend the instructions asked for by the defendant in the manner it did. Calling the special attention of the jury to a part only of the evidence and the particular fact or facts it may tend to prove, and ignoring the residue of the evidence and the facts it may tend to prove, gives undue prominence to such recited evidence, and disposes the jury to regard it and the fact it tends to prove as the particular evidence, and the fact to be relied on in determining the issue before them, and thus misleads them. Instructions in writing are carried by the jury to their room when they retire to consider of the verdict, and, if they contain a rehearsal of a part only of the evidence, their tendency is to impress unduly on the jury such part of the evidence, to the disadvantage of the other evidence in the case, which may be equally or more important in determining the issue, but rests only in the memory of the jury. The instructions asked for were objectionable and improper, and the court did not err in refusing to give them as asked for, and in giving them as amended by it. Brown v. Rice's Adm'r, 76 Va. 629, 659; Seaboard and Roanoke R. R. Co. v. Joyner's Adm'r, decided at the present term, ante p. 354; and Sackett’s Instructions to Juries (2d ed.), 18. The next error assigned is in regard to instructions numbered 2 and 3, given by the court to the jury at the instance of the plaintiffs, which are as follows : “ 2. The court instructs the jury that although the jury may believe from the evidence that the defendant’s train was supplied with the most approved apparatus for the prevention of the emission of sparks, and that said engines were oper — 610 — ated by the most skillful engineers, and that the defendant company did all that skill and science could suggest in the management of its locomotives, yet, if they further believe from the evidence that the company negligently allowed the accumulation of dangerously combustible matter on their right of way, easily to be ignited by fire from its furnaces, and if they further believe from the evidence that said fire, by igniting said combustible matter on the said company’s right of way, was thence communicated to the adjacent property of the plaintiffs, then the said defendant company is liable for all the damages resulting to their property by reason of said negligence.” “ 3. The court further instructs the jury that if they believe from the evidence that numerous fires have been occasioned along the defendant’s road, either prior or subsequent to the 31st day of October, 1892, by spai-ks issuing from the defendant’s locomotives, such facts may be considered by the jury for the purpose of determining whether or not there was negligence on the part of the defendant’s employees, or defects in the defendant’s engine, and also for the purpose of showing a negligent habit of the officers and agents of the defendant company.” The objection urged against the first of these instructions •'is that there was no evidence before the jury to which it was •applicable; but this contention is refuted by the certificate of evidence. It discloses that there was evidence tending to prove that the fire which destroyed the property of the plaintiffs was burning, when first discovered, bunches of sedge on the right of way of the defendant company ; that it extended fifteen feet along the right of way, and that the fire occurred in the fall of the year, during a dry season. This evidence certainly tended, to say the least, to show that the company had been negligent in permitting combustible matter to be on its right of way, in dangerous proximity to fire from its — 611 — engines that were daily passing, and that, too, at a time when owing to its dryness it was very inflammable. "When there is any evidence tending to prove a material fact in the case, the party in whose favor it is has the right, without regard to the amount of the evidence, to have the court instruct the jury as to the law arising upon the fact or facts which the evidence tends to prove, and leave to them to find whether or not the evidence is sufficient to establish the fact it was introduced to prove. Hopkins, Bro. & Co. v. Richardson, 9 Gratt. 485, 496; Farish & Co. v. Reigle, 11 Gratt. 697, 719; Early v. Garland, 13 Gratt. 1; Honesty v. Commonwealth, 81 Va. 283 ; 4 Minor’s Inst., Pt. I., 747 ; and Sackett’s Instructions to Juries, 18. The matter of law propounded by the instructions is entirely correct, and is fully sustained by the cases of R. & D. R. R. Co. v. Medley, 75 Va. 499, and Brighthope R. R. Co. v. Rogers, 76 Va. 443. Negligence in a railroad company may arise in many ways, and may consist just as much in negligently permitting combustible matter to accumulate on its l’ight of way, where it is liable to be easily ignited by sparks issuing from its locomotives that are constantly passing, and thereby to communicate fire to the property of adjacent proprietors, as for an injury arising from negligence on the part of.its employees, or in not providing proper machinery, or suitable sparkarresters. The objection urged against the other instruction is that it was broad and comprehensive, in that it did not confine the consideration by the jury of other fires within any reasonable limit, or to any particular engine, but permitted them to consider other fires, however distant in time from the fire complained of. The certificate of facts discloses that evidence of other fires, prior and subsequent to the fire in question, was admit — 612 — ted on the trial without objection from the plaintiff in error. Its admission not being then objected to, it cannot now be complained of here. Instructions are to be interpreted in the light of the evidence in the case, and it is not to be presumed that the jury would or did consider other fires, if any there were, of which no evidence had been given before them by the witnesses. Sackett’s Instructions to Juries, 24; Richmond Granite Co. v. Bailey, decided at the present term, ante p. 554; and Brighthope R. R. Co. v. Rogers, supra. The instruction, when inspected, shows that the jury were limited and specially directed as to the use they were authorized to make of such evidence. They were instructed that they might consider it for “ the purpose of determining whether or not there was negligence on the part of the defendant’s employees, or defects in.the defendant’s engine, and also for the purpose of showing a negligent habit of the officers and agents of the defendant company.” In this there was no error. In Brighthope R. R. Co. v. Rogers, supra, Judge Staples, in delivering the opinion of the court, said : “ The next error assigned is the admission of testimony on the part of plaintiff tending to show that the defendant’s locomotive, on occasions other than that for which the action is brought, had emitted sparks and communicated fire to the property along its track and right of way. ¥e are of opinion that this evidence was relevant and proper for the purpose of showing negligence on the part of the defendant’s employees, or it may be defects in the construction of the engine in question.” And in Grand Trunk R. Co. v. Richardson, 91 U. S. 454, where evidence that some of the .defendant’s locomotives, at various times during the same summer, before the fire in question occurred, had scattered fire when going past the property that was burned, had been admitted" over the defendant’s objection, the Supreme Court of the United States. — 613 — held, Justice Strong delivering the opinion, that such evidence was admissible “ as tending to prove the possibility and a consequent probability that some locomotive had caused the •fire, and as tending to show a negligent habit of the officers and agents of the railroad company.” Surely if such evidence was admissible for these purposes, as the above cited cases clearly decide, and which purposes are precisely the same as those stated in the instruction, it could not be error for the court to instruct the jury, after such evidence had been admitted, and that, too, without objection from the railroad company, that they might consider it for such purposes. The only remaining assignment of error relates to the refusal of the court to set aside the verdict and grant the defendant a new trial, on the ground that the verdict was contrary to the law and the evidence. The case comes before us partly upon a certificate of facts, and partly upon a certificate of evidence—the facts being certified by the court only as to matters about which there was no conflict in the evidence. The court certifies as facts proved and admitted that “ sparks issuing from the engine of the defendant company that passed down by the plaintiffs’ woods late in the afternoon of October 31, 1S92, originated the fire that burnt the plaintiffs’ woods, and that the damage sustained by them by the burning of their woodland by said fire issuing from the defendant’s engine amounted to the sum of $700, the amount named in the verdict; that numerous fires were caused by the defendant’s engines along the defendant’s right of way, before and after October 31, 1892, in the neighborhood of the plaintiffs’ land ; and, of four of said number, one occured every day for four days in succession; one of said fires started from sparks cast forty feet from defendant’s right of way; some of them originated on the right of way, and some on the adjacent lands.” — 614 — In addition to the foregoing facts, the evidence of the plaintiffs shows, what has already been hereinbefore referred to, that the fire in question, when first discovered, was burning on the right of way of the defendant, where bunches of sedge had been allowed to grow and remain, and was also burning in the woodland of the plaintiffs about ten yards from the defendant’s right of way, and that the fire was continuous from the defendant’s right of way to the place of burning in the woods ; that the fire extended about fifteen feet along the right of way; and that when the fire occurred it was a dry season. The question of negligence is one of fact, and its decision is peculiarly within the province of a jury. Taking the facts as certified, and considering the evidence as upon a demurrer to evidence, which we are required to do where the evidence is certified (sec. 3484 of Code of 1887), we are of opinion that the verdict of the jury was right, and that there is no error in the judgment of the Circuit Court. The same is therefore affirmed. Affirmed.