Anderson v. Hygeia Hotel Co.

Riely, J., delivered thé opinion of the court. The plaintiff was injured by falling into an open pit filled — 688 — with, hot oil, which was on the premises of the defendant company, and brought suit to recover damages for the injuries he had sustained. The accident happened on January 12, 1892'; the suit was not instituted until June, 1893. The defendant pleaded the statute of limitations; the plaintiff demurred to the plea; and the court overruled the demurrer and gave judgment for the defendant. The correctness of the ruling of the court depends upon the construction of section 2927 of the Code, which is as follows: “Every personal action, for which no limitation is otherwise prescribed, shall be brought within live years next after the right to bring the same shall have accrued, if it be for a matter of such nature that in case a party die it can be brought by or against his representative; and, if it be for a matter not of such nature, shall be brought within one year next after the right to bring the same shall have accrued.” The determination of the question whether the limitation of Jive years or of one year applies in this case necessitates an inquiry as to what actions terminate with the life of the person. It was a rule of the common law that if an injury was done either to the person or the property of another, for which damages only could be recovered in satisfaction, the action therefor died with the person to whom or by whom the wrong was done. “ In actions merely personal,” says Blackstone, “ arising ex delieto, for wrongs actually done or committed by the defendant, as trespass, battery, and slander, the rule is that aetio personalis moritur cum persona; and it never shall be revived either by or against the executors or other representatives.” Book III., page 302. See also Broom’s Legal Maxims 874; Lomax on Ex’ors (2d ed.) 470; and 4 Minor’s Institutes, Pt. I., 703. Certain innovations have by degrees been made by statutes upon this rule, which have considerably altered it. The statute of 4 Ed. III., ch. 7, gave to executors an action for goods and chattels of their testators carried away in their — 689 — lifetime; and, this being a remedial law, was liberally construed. The Legislature of Virginia early repealed the English statutes, and enacted in their place a similar statute, to be found in I. Kevised Code of 1819, ch. 104, sec. 64. And it is now provided that a personal representative may sue or be sued “ for the taking or carrying away any goods, or the waste or destruction of, or damage-to, any estate of or by his decedent.” Section 2655 of the Code. But while the rule of the common law has been much restricted and limited by statutes, both in England and in this country, and the right to sue for an injury done to the property or estate of the decedent in his lifetime has been conferred on the personal representative of the deceased, the rule has not been altered in this State in respect of an injury done to the person. An action for an injury to the person still, as at common law, dies with the person, and no right of action for such injury survives to his personal representative. Therefore, for an injury to the person, the action must, under the provisions of section 2927 of the Code, be brought within one year from the time the right of action accrues, which is the time when the injury was sustained. It is sought to take this case out of the rule of the common law by virtue of the provisions of sections 2902 and 2903 of the Code, whereby it is provided that “ whenever the death of a person shall be caused by the wrongful act, neglect, or default of any person or corporation, or of any ship or vessel, and the act, neglect, or default is such as would (if death had not ensued) have entitled the party injured to maintain an action, or to proceed in rem against said ship or vessel, or in personam against the owners thereof or those having control of her,” the person who, or corporation or ship which, would have been liable, if death had not ensued, shall be liable to an action for damages; and that every such action shall be brought by and in the name of the personal representative of such — 690 — deceased person, and within twelve months after his or her death. The jury in any such action may award such damages as to it may seem fair and just, not exceeding ten thousand dollars, and may direct in what proportion they shall be distributed to the wife, husband, parent, and child of the deceased. It is further provided that the amount recovered shall, after the payment of costs and attorneys’ fees, be paid to the wife, husband, parent, and child of the deceased, in such proportion as the jury may have directed, or, if they have not directed, according to the statute of descents and distributions, and “ shall be free from all debts and liabilities of the deceased,” except where there are no such kindred, in which case they shall become assets of the estate. It is further provided by section 2906 of the Code that “ the right of action under sections 2902 and 2903 shall not determine, nor the action, when brought, abate, by the death of the defendant, or the dissolution of the corporation when a corporation is the defendant; and where an action is brought by a party injured for damage caused by the wrongful act, neglect, or default of any person or corporation, and the party injured dies pending the action, and his death is caused by such wrongful act, neglect, or default, the action shall not abate by reason of his death, but, his death being suggested, it may be revived in the name of his personal representative, and the declaration and other pleadings shall be amended so as to conform to an action under sections 2902 and 2903, and the case proceeded with as if the action had been brought under the said sections.” It is claimed, and earnestly contended in argument, that the effect of these statutes is to cause the right of action for an injury, to the person, which is produced by the wrongful act, neglect, or default of another, and death is the result of such injury, to survive, and to alter, in such case, the rule of the common law, that an action for an injury to the person dies — 691 — with the person; so that the limitation upon the right of action in the case at bar would be, under the provisions of section 2927 of the Code, five years, and not one year. This is, however, a mistaken view. Ho action at law being maintainable against a person who, by his wrongful act, neglect, or default, may have caused the death of another person, the British Parliament in 1846 passed what is commonly known as “ Lord Campbell’s Act,” which was entitled, “ An act for compensating the families of persons killed by accidents.” The Yirginia act (secs. 2902-2906 of the Code) is modeled upon Lord Campbell’s Act, and, in its essential features, is substantially the same. The language of the act clearly indicates that the Legislature had in view the rule of the common law; and that its purpose in passing the act was to provide for the case of an injured person, who had a good cause of action, but died from injuries without having recovered his damages. It is intended to withdraw from the wrong-doer the immunity from civil liability which the rule of the common law afforded him, and to provide for the recovery of such damages, notwithstanding the death of the injured person. In so doing, however, it plainly did not intend to continue or cause to survive his right of action for the injury, but to substitute for it and confer upon his personal reüresentative a new and original right of action. Blake v. R. Co., 83 E. C. L. 93 ; Pym v. R. Co., 116 E. C. L. 396; Read v. R. Co., 18 L. T. (N. S.) 822; Griffiths v. Earl of Dudley, 9 Q. B. Div. 357 ; Seward v. Vera Cruz, 10 Appeal Cases, L. R. 59; Martin v. B. & O. R. R. Co., 151 U. S. 673, 696 ; Jeffersonville R. Co. v. Swayne's Adm'r, 26 Ind. 459; Burns v. R. Co., 113 Ind. 169; Hulbert v. City of Topeka, 34 Fed. Rep. 510; Legg v. Britton, 24 Atl. Rep. 1016; Whitford v. Panama R. Co., 23 N. Y. 465 ; Littlewood v. Mayor, &c., 89 N. Y. 27; Hegerich v. Keddie, 99 N. Y. 258; and Tiffany’s Death by Wrongful Act, sec. 23. — 692 — It is very clear that this new right of action, though founded upon a wrong already actionable by existing law in favor of an injured person for his damages, was not intended to be, and is not, a derivative one. A brief consideration of the general principles of the act will demonstrate the correctness of this view. Where the righffof action, which the deceased person had in his lifetime, survives, his personal representative sues as the legal owner of the personal estate which has passed to him in course of law, and the recovery is for the benefit of and constitutes assets of the estate of the decedent, with the consequent liability for the payment of his debts. The right of action of the personal representative- is the same that was possessed by the deceased in his lifetime. It proceeds on the same principles, is sustained by the same evidence, and the measure of recovery is the same. But very different is the right of action given by the act in question. The act requires the suit to be brought by and in the name of the personal representative, but he by no means sues in his general right of personal representative. He sues wholly by virtue of the statute and in respect of a different right. His suit proceeds on different principles. He sues not for the benefit of the estate, but primarily and substantially as trustee for certain particular kindred of the deceased, who are designated in the statute. If the effect of the statute is, as was contended, to cause the right of action of the injured person to survive, the suit by his personal representative would be to recover damages for the injury the deceased had sustained and the detriment caused to his estate. The same kind of evidence would be necessary and admissible to support the action that would be proper if the injured, person himself were suing. .There would be the same elements of damage for the consideration — 693 — of the jury in assessing the damages. The evidence would mainly relate to and the damages he for the physical and mental suffering of the deceased and the injury and loss generally sustained hy him and his estate. But in a suit by the personal representative under the statute, the evidence would primarily relate to and the damages be not only for the pecuniary loss the wife, husband, parent, or child, as the case might be, had sustained, but it would be proper for the jury, in computing the damages, to take also into consideration the grief and mental anguish of such relatives, and their loss in being deprived of the care, attention, and society of the deceased, and to include therefor in the verdict such sum as the jury might deem fair and just. B. & O. R. R. Co. v. Noel's Adm'r, 32 Gratt. 394, and Matthews v. Warner’s Adm'r, 29 Gratt. 570. The limit of recovery, too, is different. In the one case the amount of recovery is limited only by the amount of the loss that may be proved ; in the other, the recovery cannot in any case exceed ten thousand dollars. Then again : If the action were only a survival of the right of action of the injured .person, the recovery would constitute assets of his estate and be subject to the payment of his debts; whereas it is expressly declared by the statute that the amount recovered under the statutory right of action, except where there are no such kindred as are designated by the statute, shall be “ free from all debts and liabilities ” And further : It-was not any more intended by section 2906 than by sections 2902 and 2903, nor has it any more effect, to cause the right of action of the injured person to survive, within the meaning of section 2927. It is the right, of action given by sections 2902 and 2903 to the personal representative of the injured person that the first clause of section 2906 causes to survive upon the death of the wrong-doer, if he be a person, or the dissolution of the — 694 — corporation, if the wrong-doer be a corporation, and not the right of action which the injured person had in his lifetime. The section contains no provision for the survival of his right of action in such event. That determines either with his own death or the death of the wrong-doer. The residue of section 2906 was simply intended to prevent delay and save the trouble and expense of a new suit, when all these had already been incurred by the injured person, who had brought his suit and died before recovering his damages. But for section 2906 all the delay, cost, and expense which he had incurred in his lifetime in bringing and maturing his suit for trial would be useless, and incurred in vain if he died before the trial, but without precluding the right of his personal representative to bring a new suit within twelve months after his death for the same cause of action, and recovering such damages therefor as to the jury might seem fair and just, not exceeding the limit fixed by the statute. This provision of section 2906 was wisely enacted to prevent the estate of the decedent from being unjustly mulcted with costs, and to facilitate a recovery for the injury. Sufficient has been said to show that the act does not affect the rule of the common Jaw, and does not cause to survive, within the meaning of section 2927, the right of action for an injury to the person by the wrongful act, neglect, or default of another. Such right of action still, as at common law, dies with the person, and the limitation of one year applies in such case. Curry v. Town of Mannington, 23 West Va. 14; Flint v. Griffin, 3 S. E. R. 33, and Martin v. R. Co., supra. It is proper, however, before concluding this opinion, to advert to the act of January 29, 1894, (Acts of 1893-4, p. 83,) amending section 2906, which was invoked by counsel in support of their contention of the survivability of the right of action of the plaintiff in error, within the meaning of sec — 695 — tion 2927. What effect, if any, that act may have in other cases on the question we have been considering it is unnecessary to decide, and we do not now mean to express any opinion one way or the other. It can have none in this case. The judgment in this case was rendered September 13, 1893, and the act above referred to was passed January 29, 1891. The judgment was final prior to the enactment of the tatute. This is not (except in a few cases specified in the Constitution) a court of original, but appellate jurisdiction, and the writ of error must be disposed of in accordance with the law as it existed at the time of the rendition of the judgment. This court must affirm it, if there is no error therein according to the law as it stood when the judgment was rendered, and, if erroneous, reverse it, and enter such judgment as the Circuit Court “ ought to have entered,” Sec. 3185 of the Code; Currin et als. v. Spraull et als., 10 Gratt. 115, 118; Kennaird, &c. v. Jones, 9 Gratt. 183, 190; N. & W. R. R. Co. v. Dougherty, decided at the November term, ante p. 372; Kansas P. R. Co. v. Twombly, 100 U. S. 78, and Wright v. Graham, 12 Ark. 110. As was said by Judge Samuels, in delivering the opinion of the court in Currin et als. v. Spraull et als., supra, “ if a party shows a defence valid at the time it is passed on by the court, a subsequent change in the law cannot deprive him thereof.” There is no error in the judgment of the Circuit Court, and the same is affirmed. Affirmed.