Connell's Ex'ors v. Chesapeake & Ohio Ry. Co.

Keith, P., delivered the opinion of the court. The executors of D. F. Connell, in an action of trespass on the case brought in the Circuit Court of the city of Richmond, complain of the Chesapeake & Ohio Railway Company and the Pullman Palace Car Company, defendants, and set out the following cause of action: That on the 1st of August, 1891, their testator was a passenger upon a sleeping car owned by the Pullman Palace Car Company, which was attached to and made a part of the train running upon the tracks of Chesapeake and Ohio Railway Company, and that it became the duty of the defendants to use due and proper care that he should be safely and securely carried on said railway, as aforesaid, and protected from violence and injury while on the train; that the defendants did not use due and proper care in that behalf, but by their negligence, carelessness, and default, at or near Waynesboro, or between Waynesboro and Basic City, on the line of said railway, some person to the plaintiffs unknown, armed with a deadly weapon, was allowed by the defendants to enter the car or coach, owned or controlled and run by the defendants, in which plaintiffs’ testator was then riding, with the intent to rob or murder him, and who did, without default on his part, shoot him in the abdomen, with a ball fired then and there from a gun or pistol, without any attempt being made by the defendants, or their servants or agents, to protect him; inflicting thereby a deadly wound, hurt, and injury, and that as the result and direct consequence of the wound and injury thus inflicted their testator died on the 4th of August, 1891. — 54 — The second count alleges that being a passenger on the Chesapeake and Ohio Railway Company their testator, out of extra precaution and for the purpose of obtaining greater security and protection, took passage on the sleeping car or lodging coach owned or leased by the defendants, and lost his life as substantially as described in the first count. The third count avers that he was shot while asleep in his bed or berth. The fourth count charges negligence upon the part of the defendants in failing to perform their duty reasonably to guard and protect the plaintiffs’ testator, while a passenger, against violence from any person on said coach or car; and the fifth count avers that while occupying a berth in the sleeping car the defendants and their servants carelessly and negligently conducted and behaved themselves in not keeping proper care and watch so as to reasonably protect plaintiffs’ testator from violence from any person on or in said sleeping car, and that by and through their negligence, carelessness, and default, some person unknown to the plaintiffs, armed with a deadly weapon, was allowed to go to the berth in which their testator was sleeping, with the intent to rob or murder him, and inflicted the wound before described. To this declaration, and to each one of its five counts, which, while varying somewhat as to the mode of stating the plaintiffs’ case, present substantially the same question of law, the defendants filed their demurrer. The Circuit Court sustained the demurrer and permitted the plaintiffs to amend their declaration, and an amended declaration was accordingly filed. To this declaration, and to each count thereof, the defendants also demurred, and the court sustained this demurrer; and thereupon the plaintiffs applied to one of the judges of this court for a writ of error, which was allowed. The first ground of error assigned here is to the action of — 55 — the court in sustaining the demurrer to the original declaration. This position cannot be maintained, this court having held that where a demurrer is sustained with leave to amend, if the plaintiffs exercise that privilege, they cannot afterwards be heard to object to the judgment upon the original declaration. See Hopkins Bro. & Co. v. Richardson, 9 Gratt. at page 487; Darracot v. C. & O. Ry. Co. 83 Va. 288. The demurrer to the amended declaration presents a question of novelty and interest, which, it is believed, has seldom arisen, and which certainly has never been passed upon by this court. Railways engaged as carriers of passengers, while not insurers against all injuries except by the act of God or of public enemies, as are the carriers of goods, are yet .bound to carry safely those whom they take into their coaches in so far as human care and foresight can provide; that is to say, are bound to use the utmost care and diligence of very cautious persons; and they will be held liable for the slightest negligence which human care, skill, and foresight could have foreseen and guarded against. See Farish & Co. v. Reigle, 11 Gratt. 697. A passenger who sustains an injury growing out of the act of the carrier’s servants or agents, or because of any defect in machinery, coaches, roadway or other appliance connected with its transportation of passengers, is presumed, until the contrary is shown, to have been injured through the negligence of the carrier; and upon proof of the injury he has a prima facie case which, in the absence of proof to the contrary, entitles him to recover damages for the wrong. The injury here, however, is not the result of any defect in the instrumentalities used by the defendants. The negligence averred is in the failure to observe such care and to take such precautions as would effectually protect a passenger, asleep in the night time, upon a Pullman coach constituting a part of the train of the Chesapeake and Ohio Railway — 56 — Company from an assault made upon him by some unknown person, a passenger or intruder, as the declaration alleges, who was permitted to enter the Pullman car with intent to commit murder or robbery, and who did inflict upon the plaintiffs’ testator injuries from which he died. It is not averred that the defendants or their employees knew that any danger impended over the testator of the plaintiffs in error, or that there was any circumstance to arouse their suspicion, however watchful and alert they may have been. Counsel for the plaintiffs in error have brought to the attention of the court a number of adjudged cases, which, upon investigation, turn out to be suits brought to recover damages for the loss of property upon sleeping cars by robbery or larceny. These cases establish a very high degree of duty from sleeping car companies to their patrons, and language is used which would go far to sustain the ■ contention of the plaintiffs in error, were the facts under investigation in those cases at all similar to those under consideration here. In the case of Carpenter v. New York, &c. R. R. Co. 124 N. Y. 53, the court says: “A traveler who pays for a berth is invited, and has a right, to sleep, and both parties to the contract know that he is to become powerless to defend his property from thieves or his person from insult, and the company is bound to use a degree of care commensurate with the danger to which the passengers are exposed.” And again, in the same case, it is said: “They are bound to have an employee charged with the duty of carefully and continually watching the interior of the car while berths are occupied by sleeping passengers.” In that case a passenger was robbed while asleep, and the court held that the company had been negligent in failing to keep a continual watch upon the interior of the car, and was liable. There is a strong array of cases of a like character, but — 57 — ■as all of them deal with the liability of carriers for the property of passengers which had been lost or stolen, an extended discussion of them would be unprofitable. On the part of the defendants, it is claimed, among other grounds of defence, that no responsibility for a wrong attaches wherever there intervenes the independent act of a third person between defendant’s negligence and the injury sustained, which affects and is the immediate cause of the injury. This proposition is, without doubt, sustained by a convincing weight of authority, but we do not think it applies to this case, because the very negligence alleged consists in permitting the intrusion into the car of the third person whose independent act was the immediate cause of the injury. It will be necessary, therefore, to enquire what, upon principle, should be deemed the measure of duty which the defendants owed to the injured person in this case, and what degree of negligence in the performance of that duty will render them responsible for the injury sustained. Under no circumstances is a carrier of passengers for hire held as an insurer of their safety, though the highest degree of care and diligence in guarding their safety is required, and the slightest imputation of negligence against which human care and skill can provide will make them responsible for any defect in machinery, or for any negligence on the part of their servants; but the negligence complained of must stand as the proximate cause of the injury sustained; that is, it must be the direct and efficient cause of the injury. As was said by Justice Miller in Scheffer v. R. R. Co., 105 U. S. 249 : “To warrant a finding that negligence or an act not amounting to wanton wrong is the proximate cause of an injury it must appear that the injury was the natural and probable consequence of the negligence or wrongful act, and that it ought to have been foreseen in the light of the — 58 — attending circumstances.” In this quotation is to be found the principle upon which this case should be decided—a principle which goes far to reconcile the seeming conflict between the authorities cited on behalf of the plaintiffs and the defendants in error. The cases relied on by the plaintiffs in error are actions, to recover the value of goods which passengers have lost while occupying berths upon sleeping cars. Robbery is of frequent occurrence and larceny yet more frequent, and to invite a passenger to enter a sleeping car with his property and to go to sleep in the confidence that his person and property will be shielded and protected by those who-have undertaken that duty, imposes a very high degree-of watchfulness and care upon the sleeping car company. Passengers are invited to enter and to sleep; they are-thereby disarmed and incapacitated for self-protection; carriers are paid to preserve watch and ward over their sleeping guests, and they are rightfully held to a due- and faithful discharge of the obligations thus assumed. Experience teaches us that when property is exposed to theft-it is apt to be stolen, but murder is of infrequent occurrence. When, therefore, a sleeping car company receives a passenger, and he retires to rest, it may well be assumed to anticipate and he required to guard and protect him against a crime which is likely to occur whenever the temptation and the opportunity are presented; It cannot be deemed to-have anticipated nor be expected to guard and protect him against a crime so horrid, and happily so rare, as that of murder. There is no causal connection between the negligence pleaded and the injury sustained. In a peaceful community, in a law-abiding and Christian land, a car of the defendant company is invaded in the-night time by an assassin, and an innocent man falls a victim to his murderous assault. Can it be said that, in leaving a door ajar, in permitting a stranger or passenger to enter, — 59 — the defendants were guilty of negligence, when to hold them negligent would be to say that they should have expected the tragedy which gave rise to this action? To do so, would be to require of them more than human foresight as to the minds and motives of men, and make them indeed insurers of the safety of passengers, while under their care, against all dangers, however remotely connected with their acts of omission or commission. This view does not seem to have prevailed in those cases in which injuries to the persons and not to the property of passengers have been the subject of investigation. In the case of Putnam v. Broadway, &c. R. R. Co. 55 New York, 108, the subject is very fully considered, and the court says: “The conductor is only called upon to act upon improprieties or offences witnessed or made known to him; and the company can only be charged for the neglect of some duty arising from circumstances of which the conductor was cognizant, or of which in the discharge of his duties he ought to have been cognizant. The law only looks to the proximate cause of an injury in holding a wrong-doer liable to an action; and, if the damage is not the probable consequence of a wrongful act, it is not the proximate cause, so as to make the wrong-doer liable. In McGraw v. Stone, 53 Penn. St. 436, the rule is declared to be that “ a man is answerable for the consequences of a fault, which are natural and probable; but if the fault happens to concur with something extraordinary and not likely to be foreseen, he will not be answerable.” 'In the case of Pittsburg, Fort Wayne & Chicago R. R. Co. v. Hinds, 53 Penn. St. 512, one of the leading cases upon this subject, it is said: “There is no such privity between a railroad company and a passenger as to make it liable for that passenger’s injury to another upon the principle of respondeat superior. The only ground on which the company can be charged is a violation of the contract made — 60 — with the injured party. The company undertook to carry the plaintiff safely, and so negligently performed this contract that she was injured. This is the ground of her action— it can rest upon no other.” In that case a riotous crowd rushed upon the cars in such numbers as to defy the power of the conductor to resist them. They commenced to fight in the car in which the plaintiff was injured. Three causes of error were assigned. First, “ the evidence shows that the conductor did not do his duty, by allowing improper persons to get on the cars; secondly, he allowed more persons than were proper, under the circumstances, to get on the train and remain upon it; third, he did not do what he could and ought to have done to put a stop to the fight upon the train, which resulted in the plaintiff’s injury.” In discussing these errors the court said that it had been left to the jury to “ determine whether the disorderly character of the men who came upon the train had fallen under the conductor’s observation so as to induce a reasonable man to apprehend danger to the safety of the passengers.” The plain meaning of this is, that the liability depended upon the fact that the disorderly character of the men who were permitted to enter the train had come under the conductor’s observation, and was such as to induce a reasonable man to apprehend danger to the safety of the passengers. The liability was made to rest upon the express or implied notice to the conductor of the dangerous character of those entering the train. In the case of New Orleans, &c. R. R. Co. v. Burke, 53 Miss. 200, four or five persons were co-passengers with the plaintiff on a special train. They were riding together in the baggage car and rudely deprived the plaintiff of his hat. The plaintiff sent to the conductor and informed him of the injury. The conductor asked them to return the hat. They became insulting and a fight ensued in which the plaintiff — 61 — was shot. He sued and récovered damages; the court holding that it is the duty of the conductor of a passenger train to preserve order, to protect passengers from insult and injury from their fellow-passengers; and, if necessary, to the discharge of this duty, he should stop the train and summon to his aid his fellow-employees, and such passengers as might be willing to assist, and eject the disorderly persons from the train. Failure to discharge this duty as far as he has the means and power, renders the railroad company liable in damages to the injured or insulted passenger. In the course of its opinion the court says: “The liability of the carrier arises not from the fact that the passenger has been injured, but from the failure of the officials to afford protection. It will he necessary, therefore, to bring home to the conductor (or other agent or officer of the company) knowledge or opportunity to know that the injury was threatened, and to show that by his prompt intervention he could have prevented or mitigated it.” In the case of Britton v. Atlanta & Charlotte Air Line R. R. Co. 88 N. C. 536, it is held that it is the duty of the company to protect every passenger from the violence and assault of his fellow-passengers or of intruders, and that it will be held responsible for its own or its servants’ negligence in the premises when the same might have been foreseen and prevented by the exercise of proper care. The liability of the defendant to the plaintiff grows not out of the fact that she was injured, but out of the failure of its servants to afford protection after they had reasonable grounds for believing that violence to her was imminent. In the case of Batton and Wife v. South & North Ala. R. R. Co., 77 Ala. 591, it was held that, while it is the duty of a railroad company, as a common carrier, to protect its passengers against violence or disorderly conduct on the part of its own agents, or other passengers, and strangers, when such violence or misconduct may be reasonably expected and — 62 — prevented, yet it is not liable to an action for damages for a wrong when it is not shown that the company had notice of any facts which justified the expectation that a wrong would be committed; and the court in its opinion says: “ All the cases upon the subject impose the qualification that the wrong or injury done passengers by strangers must have been of such a character, and perpetrated under such circumstances, as that it might reasonably have been anticipated, or naturally expected to occur.” These cases seem to stand upon a safe middle ground between the English cases, which declare that a passenger is only entitled to protection at the hands of the carrier and its servants against such injuries as might reasonably be considered as within the contemplation of the parties at the time the ticket was purchased which is the evidence of the contract of carriage (see Pounder v. N. E. Ry. Co., 1 Q. B. D. L. R.., at p. 390), and the cases relied upon by the plaintiffs in error in which the liability of sleeping car companies as to the property of passengers is enforced, and in which there are expressions which seem to support the contention as to liability for injuries to their persons. As we have seen, the responsibility of the carrier does not flow directly from the injuries sustained, but rests upon the principle that it is the duty of railroad and sleeping car companies to convey their passengers and guests in comfort and safety; and.while not directly responsible to a passenger for a wrong inflicted by an intruder, or stranger, or fellow-passenger, they are responsible for such injury if it appear that the' companies knew, or ought to have known, that danger existed or was reasonably to be apprehended, and that they could, by the use of the agencies at their disposal, have prevented the mischief. It is better that the carrier should be held responsible to a passenger for injuries received at the hands of an intruder, a stranger, or a fellow-passenger only in those cases where its agents or employees knew, or, in the light of surround — 63 — ing circumstances, ought to have known, that danger was threatened, or to be apprehended, and then failed to use their authority and power to protect him from the impending peril, than that the hitherto recognized limits of responsibility for negligent acts should be enlarged and the carrier be held to answer for a casualty wholly unforeseen and of which this declaration contains the only recorded instance. In this case, notice to the company or its agents is not charged, and no circumstance is alleged which could have put the company or its agents upon enquiry, or have excited the apprehension of the most careful and cautious. The wrong itself was not only unusual, but it is believed to be wholly without precedent; certainly the diligence of counsel and the researches of the court have failed to discover any similar case. Under such circumstances we think it would be harsh and oppressive to impose a liability upon the defendants. The court did not err in sustaining the demurrer, and its judgment is affirmed. Affirmed.