United States v. Steadman

LEWIS, Circuit Judge. Appellee enlisted in the military service March 2,1918, saw service in Prance, was in hospital for flu a short time, was honorably discharged May 5, 1919, and returned to Ms father’s home in Utah that month. He recovered judgment on a war risk insurance policy which expired on July 1, 1919, unless he was then totally and permanently disabled from following a gainful occupation. He alleged he was so disabled. Appellant denied it. The burden was on him to establish that claim. At the close of the evidence appellant moved for a directed verdict in its favor. The motion was denied and exception saved. The question here is whether there was substantial evidence to sustain the verdict in Ms favor. A day or two after appellee returned home lie tried to work on a ditch. In stooping over he got dizzy and felt faint. That happened more than once. He quit, and sent for Dr. Alley on May 29, 1919. Dr. Alley testified that appellee was under his care from that time for about a year suffering from “acute articular rheumatism with complications of endocarditis and nephritis;” that with articular rheumatism there is always some heart involvement; that appellee was bedfast for about six months and the balance of the time he was in the house sitting around, up and down, unable to work; that when he first examined appellee he had acute articular rheumatism which meant that it had come on suddenly; that he had remained in that condition since that time, hut the severity had varied, there were intermissions; that. he had treated appellee since from time to time, the home calls being rarer in number than the office calls; that he found decompensation of appellee’s heart the first time he treated him. Dr. Quick, who is Dr. Alley’s professional partner, was called to see appellee in October, 1922, for the first time. ITo found him suffering from acute rheumatic fever and arthritis, also endocarditis, which is an inflammation of the lining of the heart necessitating restfulness, also swollen and reddened joints accompanied with pain in his hands, ankles and wrists. He had treated appellee at times since then. He had an attack of flu and appendicitis. Appellee’s condition is now more serious than it was in 1922. He treated him in July, 1923. He treated him as late as the winter of 1932. In 1923 was the only timo he showed any decompensation of the heart. All other times the heart was compensating. He said that with a compensating heart there was nothing that would prevent a man from following a gainful oecupa tion providing his condition did not flare up; with his particular type of heart a person does not get along well when he overdoes any. “Mr. Steadman possibly could do some light work, hut if he were exposed in bad weather and chilled through it would cause his heart to increase beating and cause his rheumatism to return. Overeating, fatigue, lack of sleep or worry are contributory to bringing on an attack.” Physical examinations made by other physicians and surgeons disclose these facts: Appellee stated in writing when he was examined for enlistment that he had rheumatic fever about seven years before that date. At time of discharge he stated in writing that he had no reason to believe that he was then suffering from the effects of any disease, nor had any disability or impairment of health, and it was certified by a member of the medical corps at that time he had been given a careful physical examination and he was found to be physically and mentally sound and to no per cent disabled. [708] Dr. Critchlow examined appellee at Salt Lake City June 15, 1931. He reported that appellee complained of rheumatic pains in joints, occasional pains in region of heart and nervous and dizzy spells. He found that spine and joints were then movable without pain; that there was no- swelling, and his diagnosis was: . Valvular heart disease, chronic, mitral stenosis, and insufficiency, rheumatic, compensated. Dr. Paul made the same report as of that date relative to appellee’s heart. Dr. Ossman, an orthopedic medical examiner, examined him January 18, 1923, and reported: Mild stiffness and tenderness with manipulation of wrists, elbows, shoulders, knees and hips. Mild crepitation elbows, shoulders and knees. No joints swelling, nor local heat at present. His diagnosis was: Arthritis, chronic, rheumatic, multiple. Dr. Ossman examined him again in June, 1929, and reported that physical examination showed no objective findings of rheumatism. All joints freely movable. No swelling or local heat, and there was no complaint except soreness in hands and fingers. Dr. Ossman examined him again May 22, 1930, and found there were no limitations of motions. Fingers, wrists, elbows and shoulders appeared normal. Back motions complete without pain. Hips, ankles, feet and toes apparently normal with no loss of motions. Knees also appeared normal but complained of painful motions, which, however, are not limited. Diagnosis: Arthritis, chronic, multiple, rheumatic. In the summer of 1930 appellee went to the Veterans’ Hospital at Boise, Idaho, and was there examined by a board composed of three members. The diagnosis there as to his heart and rheumatie condition was substantially as at other examinations that have been stated and of the two physicians who testified for him. There can be no doubt that appellee’s attempts to do manual labor immediately after his return home in May, 1919, was followed by serious illness, rheumatism and heart involvement, for quite a while. There is but little in the record as to his activities until March, 1921. He testified that he was under Dr. Alley’s care for eighteen months after May 29, 1919. He had pain at times in his joints and about his heart, and that continued up to the winter of 1920-21. But he recovered and was active in many ways. The months and years subsequent to March, 1921, and what he thereafter did must have attention. In March, 1921, appellee and his younger brother drove his father’s sheep to the .range about Soda Springs, Idaho, and stayed with them there until September or October of that year. He was in charge. He rode horseback part of the time. Sometimes he would get dizzy. During the winter of 1921-22 he lived with his father. There were times when he couldn’t milk the cows on account of swelling in his fingers. He helped some with the chores. In March, 1922, he again helped take his father’s sheep to the range for the summer. He was in bed ten days at Soda Springs and called a doctor. When he was on the range in 1921 he met his future wife at Star Valley, Wyoming. They went out together during that summer, and she observed nothing unusual in his physical condition. In 1922 while on the range he went to see her in July. He got supplies there for the sheep. When he came there in 1922 he was sick, looked pale, and the two went together to his father’s home in Utah, where they were married August 16, 1922. Within a week thereafter he and his wife went to a small place owned by his uncle, and they stayed there until February, 1923. He did some farm work there and received wages. In February, 1923, he rented an 80-acre farm from his father, remained there until December, 1926, operating that farm for four seasons. His father got half of the hay and two-thirds of the grain as rental. He paid a hired man $75 a month. It was an irrigated farm. Appellee helped to irrigate and to put in the crops. He did some plowing, harrowing and planting when he was able. He milked when he was able. He did chores. If he got his feet wet irrigating he would be down two. or three days. He couldn’t pitch hay throughout the day. He tried to, but would get exhausted. He got sick the summer of 1923, and an organization of his church came in. and harvested his crop. Again in 1924, 5 and 6 he tried to irrigate and to do various things on the farm. He would get dizzy cleaning the ditch. At times he couldn’t milk on account of his joints being stiff. On different occasions he had the doctor and was taking medicine. In December, 1926, appellee moved to the Stillman ranch, 160 acres, and remained there until September, 1929. While there he was hired to run that ranch on a salary of $90 a month, and he received that salary for thirty-three months. He did some irrigating on that ranch, but at times would lie .down on account of his heart. About 1,500 of Stillman’s sheep were there in his charge. It was his job to see that the place was irrigated, the crops harvested and the sheep cared for. He had authority to hire extra [709] men during the busy season. He was in complete charge. Occasionally ho ran a mower. He did some plowing. His wife testified that heavy physical labor affected him; that she had put on overalls and helped him, pitch hay because he couldn’t stand it. At times he drove a team, but it was Ms business on that ranch to boss the job, to act as an overseer. His father testified that he rented the 80-acre ranch to appellee because it was too big a job for him to operate it; that he had other business to look after. Later his father sold him about 200 sheep at $10 or $11 a head, and appellee paid him for them. When appellee left the Stillman ranch in September, 192!), he rented a forty-acre farm of Ms father on a crop basis and remained there until March, 1932. At different limes through all of these years he would call a doctor. He was laid up from time to time. He spoke of the swelling in his joints as inflammatory rheumatism, but much of the time there was no swelling, and he was out doing various things, at times all kinds of farm labor. He did things that brought on attacks of inflammatory rheumatism and overtaxed his heart. Neither expressly nor impliedly is self-inflicted disability covered by the contract sued on, and negligent disregard of one’s conduct with knowledge lhat it may be harmful to him puts him in no better position. This suit was not instituted until twelve years and seven months after plaintiff’s discharge on which day he alleges he was totally and permanently disabled. See Lumbra v. United States, 290 U. S. 551, 54 S. Ct. 272, 78 L. Ed. 492. His long delay strongly opposes Ms present contention. In passing on the court’s action in overruling appellant’s motion we put aside and give no weight to the testimony of Drs. Alley and Quick that, in the opinion of each, appellee wa.s totally and permanently disabled. That was the issue under the pleadings for determination by the jury and nut for any witness to pass upon or inform the jury how it should pass upon it. Miller v. United States (C. C. A.) 71 F.(2d) 361, 364. In every triable ease there arc one or more — sometimes many — controverted facts, the truth of which as to each is for the jury, and having considered, and solved them to its satisfaction under its oath of office, in accord witli principles of law given to it by the court, it deduces therefrom its ultimate conclusion on the issues joined. Here the two doctors informed the jury under oath that its ultimate conclusion should bo for the plaintiff. This is characterized in the books as an intrusion of the witness into the jury box, as an assumption and usurpation of the jury’s functions and duties. There was a field for expert testimony in the case, and there is no doubt that Doctors Alley and Quick were qualified and competent. They attended the plaintiff when he was ill and saw Mm on many other occasions about his health. Apparently they could have fully and in detail described his illness, Ms physical condition brought on by his illness, what result would likely attend labor and efforts of various kinds, whether ho should or should not attempt to carry on different occupations, and the effect upon him, physically or mentally from so doing. That sort of testimony would have been an appropriate, permissible and helpful aid to the jury, and with the other facts and circumstances it could have drawn its conclusion whether plaintiff was, as he alleged, “totally and permanently disabled.” Obviously that course of examination was far from having a witness with prestige of professional learning tell the jury in substance what its verdict should be. The point is sharply marked in Sun Ins. Office of London v. Western Woolen-Mill Co., 72 Kan. 41, 82 P. 513. There the plaintiff sued its insurer for loss of a large quantity of wool by “lire.” The answer denied damage by fire and averred that the damage was caused by flood water. At the trial an expert witness for plaintiff testified that when the warehouse door was opened smoke came out. He also^ testified that there was “fire” in the wool between May 29th and Juno 15th. Both questions and answers were objected to. The court held that the first was competent inasmuch as smoko is generally associated with fire and is one of the evidences of fire. As to the other question and answer the court held that it was incompetent and should have been stricken and said: “To permit a witness to testify to the ultimate fact to be determined by the jury was error.” That, it will he observed, was the ultimate issue in the case, whether the wool was damaged by fire. Best on Evidence (Morgan’s Ed.) § 513, and 1 Greenleaf on Evidence (15th Ed.) § 440, state the rule in the same terms: “But where scientific men are called as witnesses they can not give their opinions as to the general merits of the cause, hut only their opinions on the facts proved.” 3 Chamberlayne on Modern Law of Evidence, § 1899, has this on the subject: “Should the question be so drawn as to involve an inference on the precise point on [710] which the jury are to pass * * * it will, in general, he objectionable and so rejected.” Jones Commentaries on the Law of Evidence in Civil Cases (2d Ed.) vol. 3, § 1321: “Since expert testimony is an exception ,to the general rule of law excluding opinions from evidence, and trenches upon the province of the jury, it is not to be extended beyond the necessities of the case. The¡ determination of the matters directly in issue is not thereby to be taken from the jury. Hence, the ordinary rule is that opinions of experts upon the merits, or upon the very matter to be tried, are inadmissible. * * * Whatever liberality may be allowed in calling for the opinions of experts, such witnesses must not be permitted to usurp the province of the court and jury by drawing those conclusions of law or fact upon which the decision of the case depends. Although this view has been earnestly criticized, it is sustained, by the undoubted weight of authority. It is, moreover, founded in practical necessity as well as theory; for in many cases trials would become farcical if zealous experts were allowed to express direct opinions upon the very issue to be tried.” We are aware that Mr. Wigmore in his treatise on Evidence seems much opposed. In Donnelly v. St. Paul City Ry. Co., 70 Minn. 278, 73 N. W. 157, the plaintiff sued for injuries received resulting from derailment of a street ear on which she was a passenger. There was no dispute as to the defendant’s negligence. The principal contention was that the plaintiff did not suffer the injuries as a result of the derailment and at the time thereof, but that they were traceable to other causes. The defendant called a medical expert and asked for his opinion as to the cause of plaintiff’s condition based upon the evidence as to the manner in which she was injured. The court discussed the point under consideration here, said that it was at times difficult to draw the line between what was and what was not proper expert testimony and said: “It is laid down in the books that a question to an expert witness should not be so framed as to invade the province of the jury. * * * ” In Poole v. Dean, 152 Mass. 589, 26 N. E. 406, 407, the point under consideration was the mental condition and capacity of one to execute a deed. An expert witness expressed his opinion on that issue using as a standard “the usual and ordinary capacity for doing business.” Responding to objections to the question and answer the court said: “The inquiry did not involve any question of law for the consideration of the witness, nor did it require him directly to express an opinion as to the capacity of Moore to do the specific act in controversy, and thus to put himself in the place of the jury. Any expression of opinion which wiE aid a jury in such a case necessarily involves the consideration of questions which are similar to that in issue, and sometimes of those which include it. But that alone does not render the evidence incompetent if the witness is not permitted to express opinions upon evidence, and if the questions are so framed as to confine him to a statement of his conclusions as an expert, and not to submit to him the precise issue which is presented to the jury.” In Re Cheney’s Estate, 78 Neb. 274, 110 N. W. 731, the question was whether a testator had mental capacity to malee a will. Over objection several witnesses were permitted to answer that the testator had such capacity. The court said: “The question required the witnesses to. usurp the functions of both court and jury, because it required them to determine the degree of mental capacity required to make a wiE,.which is a question of law, and whether the testator, when the will was made, was possessed of such capacity, which was the principal issue for the jury to determine. As has been said: ‘Whatever liberality may be allowed in calling .for the opinions of experts or other witnesses, they must not usurp the province of the court and jury by drawing those conclusions of law or fact upon which the decision of the case depends.’ ” In McGibbons v. McGibbons, 119 Iowa, 140, 93 N. W. 55, the issue again was whether a person was of unsound mind. The trial court sustained an objection to this question asked of á physician: “State whether or not, in your judgment, she possesses sufficient ability to understand in a reasonable manner the nature and effect of her acts in business transactions?” The proceeding was for the appointment of a guardian because of unsound mind. The court said this of the question objected to: “We think an answer to the question was properly excluded. The witness had been allowed to express his opinion as to the mental soundness of the defendant, and this was proper. But the ultimate question as to the extent of her capacity to reasonably understand and transact business matters was clearly within the exclusive province of the jury.” [711] Baker v. Baker, 202 Ill. 595, 67 N. E. 410, 418, was a suit contesting a will. Several witnesses testified that they did not regard the deceased as capable of transacting ordinary business, and they were then asked these questions, which they were not permitted to answer: “‘Whether or not the testator, at the time of making the alleged will, had sufficient mind and memory to understand the will in question’; ‘whether or not he was able to carry in his mind and memory the nature and extent of his property’; and ‘whether or not he was able to undcrstandingly execute a will.’ ” The court said: “These questions simply called for the conclusions of the witnesses as to testamentary capacity. In other words, the attempt was to put the witnesses in the place of the jury, and allow them to determine the very issue which it was sworn to try. The evidence was clearly improper.” Pyle v. Pyle, 158 Ill. 289, 41 N. E. 999, 1002, was a will contest. The court said: “We think that some of the questions put to Dr. Kell, Dr. Campbell, and Dr. Keeley, and permitted to be answered by them over the objections of appellants, were improper. It is not the proper practice to ask of a witness called as an expert a question which does not embody a hypothetical statement of the facts, but which directly calls upon the witness to put himself in the place of the jury, and in view of the evidence submitted pass upon the whole issue.” We do, not believe tbe court’s opinion in U. S. Smelting Co. v. Parry (C. C. A.) 166 F. 407, and our opinion in Now York Life Ins. Co. v. Doerksen (C. C. A.) 64 F. (2d) 240, are to the contrary. In neither of those cases was Ihe opinion of an expert asked on the ultimate issue to be decided by the jury. See Standard Fire Extinguisher Co. v. Heltman (C. C. A.) 194 F. 400; Bradford Glycerine Co. v. Kizer (C. C. A.) 113 F. 894; Castner Electrolytic Alkali Co. v. Davies (C. C. A.) 154 F. 938; Denver & R. G. R. Co. v. Vitello, 34 Colo. 50, 81 P. 766. The principle is clearly and concisely stated by Chief Justice Shaw in New England Glass Co. v. Lovell, 7 Cush. (Mass.) 319. After assuming that facts and circumstances in a ease may be such as to permit elucidation by a,n expert, ho said: “In applying circumstantial evidence, which does not go directly to the fact in issue, but to facts from which the fact in issue is to be inferred, the jury have two duties to perform; first, by a rigid scrutiny of the evidence to ascertain the truth of the fact to which the evidence goes, and thence to infer the truth of the fact in issue.” Our apology for this discussion is, in part at least, duo to the fact that counsel on each side in suits of this character that come to us seem to have drifted into the practico and habit of relying on such testimony, — the plaintiff on the statement of an expert that he is totally and permanently disabled, and the defendant on a contrary statement; so much so that it becomes a seeming eontest between experts. Our conclusion is that the competent evidence does not support a finding that appellee was totally and permanently disabled. For ten or more years after March, 1921, appellee was able to render valuable services, fairly continuously, as farmer, farm overseer and tending sheep. United States v. Peet (C. C. A.) 59 F.(2d) 728; United States v. Luckinbill (C. C. A.) 65 F.(2d) 1000. At times he did heavy labor, which he knew he ought not to do and which now and then caused him to take to his bed fór a few days. He with full knowledge assumed that risk. Reversed and remanded.