Sovern v. Yoran

Lord, C. J. This was an action of trover, brought, by the plaintiff as administrator against the defendant, for the conversion of two certain packages of money, alleged to have been the property of the deceased. After denying the facts thus alleged, the defendant set up as a defense in substance these facts: That at the time alleged, upon the premises owned and occupied by the defendant, one Hugh Gray and one Darwin E. Yoran each found a purse of money, and that they delivered said packages to the defendant to be disposed of according to law, and subject to their claim as such finders; that the defendant as such holder of the money, in compliance with the statutes in such case, did give the required notice to the clerk of the county by posting in two public places, and by publication in the Oregon State Journal, etc.; that no owners appeared within one year from the date of said notice and claimed said sums of money, and that before any notice was given to the defendant of any claim to the same, and before the commencement of this action, in compliance with the statutes aforesaid, did deliver to the county treasurer one half of said money, and to the said Gray and Yoran the other half; that said sums of money were delivered to the defendant as bailee of said finders, and that he delivered that portion to which each was entitled, and paid over to the treasurer the respective sums as aforesaid, etc. In the way of new matter, the reply alleged that the deceased in her lifetime placed the said purses in the places mentioned for safe-keeping, and that she owned or Avas lawfully in possession of said premises at said time, and that said money was never at any time lost. By the evidence in the bill of exceptions, it appears that the money in controversy was found in tAvo cans under the floor in the barn, and that the finders Avere íavo boys, who thus substantially describe the circumstances of the finding. One of them testifies: “ There was one plank that Avas not nailed down, and had a small hole in it as though the rats had gnaAved it; it was about two feet long; Avhen that piece of flooring was lifted up, Hugh Gray found the can of money. We counted it, and there Avas §925.85 in gold and silver; afterwards I found another can about a half foot from the one Hugh Gray found; seemed to be a yeast powder can; it was about five — 273 — inches long, and had in it $1,000 in gold' coin. I took the money to my father and handed it to him.” After inquiring of the boys where they had found the money, etc,, the defendant testified: “I took it and brought it to the county treasurer, and related to him the circumstances, and he placed it in his safe; then I returned home.” And in describing the place of the finding said: “ I found that a plank had been sawed into diagonally to form a miter so it would not drop through, and a little pit had been dug six or eight inches deep, and that it had been filled with chaff and hay feed in the manger in which the cans had been placed. I then brought the money to the treasurer’s safe and deposited it, and on Monday following gave the notices,” etc. The court instructed the jury, among other things, that “ if the defendant was proceeding honestly under the supposition that the money was lost property, it would not of itself constitute conversion, although he was mistaken about the facts of the money being lost, and in his attempt to proceed in reference to the law of lost money,” to which the plaintiff excepted. After retiring to consider their verdict, the jury returned with this result: To the question: “ Was Johanna Goodchild at the time of her death the owner of the property described in the complaint in this action?” Answer. “Yes.” To the question: “Was there any conversion of the money in question by the defendant?” Answer. “No;” and also returned a verdict in favor of the defendant. From this statement it is sufficient to say that the contention of counsel for the plaintiff was that the answer of the defendant, and the evidence offered by him, establishes in law conversion, and that the court should have instructed the jury to that effect, and not as above stated. They proceed upon the hypothesis that the money was not lost, but intentionally deposited in the place mentioned for safe-keeping, and that the admitted acts of the defendant in relation thereto were inconsistent with the rights of the true owner, and in law constituted a conversion. Eversinee the decision of Lord Chief Justice Pratt, in Armory v. Delaimer, 1 Strange, 504, it seems to be settled law that the finder of lost money has a valid claim to the same against all the world, except the true owner, and generally it may be said — 274 — that the place in which it is found creates no exception to this rule. “But property,” said Trunkey, J., “is not lost in the sense of this rule if it was intentionally laid on a table, counter, or other place by the owner, who forgets to take it away, and in such case, the proprietor of the premises is entitled to retain the custody. "Whenever the surroundings evidence that the article was deposited in its place the finder has no right of possession against the owner of the building.” (Hamaker v. Blanchard, 90 Pa. St. 379.) Strictly speaking, it may be said that before a thing can be found it must have been lost; and property which the owner has simply or intentionally laid down, or deposited in some place, and for the time forgotten where it was left or put, in legal intendment can hardly be considered as lost. “The loss of goods in legal and common intendment,” said Pees, J., “depends upon something more than knowledge or ignorance, the memory or want of memory, of the owner as to their locality at any given moment. If I place my watch or pocket-book under my pillow in a bed chamber, or upon a table or bureau, I may leave them behind me indeed, but if that be .all, I cannot be said with propriety to have lost them. To lose is not to place or put anything carefully and voluntarily in the place you intend, and then forget it; it is casually and involuntarily to part from the possession, and the thing is then usually found in a place or under circumstances to prove to the finder that the owner’s will was not employed in placing it there.” .(Lawrence v. State, 1 Humph. 229.) The distinction to be noted is between the cases in which the thing or property is actually lost, and those in which it is intentionally left or deposited in its place; cases in which, as Baron Parke said, “the taker is not justified in concluding that the goods were lost, because there is little doubt hemust have believed that the owner would know where to find them again, and he had no pretense to consider them abandoned or derelict.” Upon the theory that the case in hand is parallel in principle with the class last .named, it may be argued that the defendant, being the owner of the property in which the money was deposited, was entitled to the possession as against the finders, and their delivery to him did not make him in law bailee for them, but — 275 — required him, as was said in McAvoy v. Medina, 11 Allen, 584, “ to use reasonable care for the safe-keeping of the same until the owner shall call for it,” and that when he undertook to treat it as lost property, and actually delivered one half of the money to the county treasurer and the other half to the finders, ho acted in derogation of the rights of the true owner by the exercise of dominion over it, which rendered him answerable in trover for conversion. At common law, the finder of lost property was bound to hold it for the true owner, and was liable for misdelivery. In Isaacs v. Clark, 2 Bulst. 306, Lord Coke says: “When a man doth find goods, it hath been said, and so commonly held, that if he doth dispossess himself of them by this, he shall be discharged; but this is not so, as appears by 12 E., 4thvol., 13, for he which finds goods is bound to answer him for them who hath the property; and if he deliver them over to any one, unless it be unto the right owner, he shall be charged for them, for at the first it is in his election whether he will take them or not into his custody, but when he hath - them one only hath the right unto them, and therefore he ought to keep them safely; if a man, therefore, which finds goods, if he be wise, he will then search out the right owner of them and so deliver them unto him; if the owner comes unto him and demands them, and he answers him that it is not known unto him whether he be the true owner of the goods or not, and for this cause he refuseth to deliver them, this refusal is no conversion, if he do keep them for him.” The duty of the finder to ascertain who is the true owner before he makes a delivery, and his liability in case of misdelivery, is here clearly stated. But our statute, as we shall presently see, has innovated this rule, and the finder, after doing the things prescribed for the purpose of ascertaining the true owner, is required after the expiration of a year to turn over one half to the county, and entitled to keep the other half of such lost property; and in case of neglect or failure to do so, the county may bring an action against such finder to recover the same. So that if the owner should afterwards appear, such acts upon the part of the finder, done in pursuance of law, would not render him liable for conversion. Nor at common law, “if the — 276 — owner comes unto him and demands them,” and he does not know him, and for this reason refuses to deliver such lost property to him, is his refusal a conversion? In such case, acting in good faith and with fairness, his mistake cannot be urged against him, and will not render him liable in trover. In some important particulars, the facts of the case in hand are more akin to what is known as treasure trove. That is, “ where any money is found hid in the earth, but not lying on the ground, and no man knows to whom it belongs.” Now, the surrounding facts indicate that the money was intentionally deposited in the place where found for concealment. Until after the money was distributed as stated, the owner was unknown. So that during the possession of the defendant there was present all the elements constituting treasure trove. There was the hiding, the secrecy, that unknown owner, in fact, dead owner and unknown representatives. It is only when the owner appears or is shown that the title of the king vanishes as heir to him who was presumed to be dead; in a word, when the owner is made known, it ceases to be treasure trove. But while that fact lies hid, while the case stands of money found hid in the earth, and the owner unknown, after diligent search, and the finder treats the property as treasure trove, and then afterwards the owner appears, the only effect is to destroy the character of such property as treasure trove, and thus defeat the title of the king or sovereign; but it does not render the finder liable for conversion. His mistake, if such it may be called, like the refusal of the finder to deliver on demand lost property when the owner is unknown to him, is no conversion, for he is justified in his conduct at the time, in treating it as treasure trove by the presence of all the elements which constitute it such. The record shows that the defendant bought the property at an administrator’s sale and entered into possession, and while thus in possession, the boys found the money in the manner and under the circumstances already stated. It was delivered by them to the defendant as their agent or bailee for the purpose of ascertaining its owner. Neither he nor they knew who the owner was, nor was there any marks on the money or otherwise — 277 — by which the owner could, be known. What was the defendant to do? Here was money evidently deposited for concealment found upon his premises, and the owner of it unknown. Our statute provides that “ if any person shall find any money, etc., and if the owner thereof is unknown, such person shall, within five days after finding such, give notice thereof iu writing to the county clerk, and also cause a notice thereof to be posted in two public places,” etc. And if the amount fouud exceed fifteen dollars he “shall, in addition to the preceding requirements, within fifteen days, etc., cause notice thereof to be published in a newspaper printed in the county, etc., and if no person shall appear to claim the same, etc., within two months, he shall procure the appraisal thereof by a justice of the peace,” etc.; and further, “ if the owner of such lost money, etc., appear within one year after notice given, etc., and make out his right thereto, he shall have restitution, etc.; but if such owner shall not appear wlildu one year, then the finder shall pay ouo half, after deducting all legal charges, to the treasurer of the county, etc., and iu case of neglect spiration of the year/ the same (Code, §§ 3708, 3709, 3710.) to - whom the money belouged, and there being no marks or other indicia by which the owner could be ascertaiued, treated th e money as subject to the provisions of this statute. The language of the first section is that “ if auy person shall find auy money or goods, and if the owuer of it be unknown, such person shall,” etc. This seems to have been interpreted to mean that when money or goods is found and tlie owner of it is unknown, it applies as well to money or goods hidden in the earth rvhick bad been found and whose owner was unknown as to lost property. Taking this section alono, it might be argued that the intent is to treat property hidden and found as lost' property when the owuer is unknown, or to put them on the samo footing. In a word, that it contemplates that he who “finds’-" must necessarily have had no knowledge of the existence of such money or goods until found, and the owner of which is irnknown, and that as to such person, whether the money or goods be lost or hidden, it occupies the same relation — 278 — as to him, and could not have come into his possession except by finding, and consequently, money or goods when found may include money or goods hidden in the earfh or lost upon it, and in either case, if the owner be unknown, the section cited is broad enough to cover either case. In this view, if money be hidden in the earth for safe-keeping, unless the owner puts some mai'ks or other indicia upon it by which he may be identified or made known, the finder would be justified in treating it as lost property. But this construction is hardly tenable, for strictly speaking, it is only money or goods which have -been lost that can be said to be found, and the succeeding provisions of the statute make it plain and beyond all doubt that the statute was only intended to apply to lost money ■ or goods, which as we have seen is property that the owner has casually or involuntarily parted with, and not property which the surroundings evidence that the owner deposited intentionally -in the place where found for safe-keeping. As the effect of this statute is to innovate the common-law rule in destroying the title of the owner of lost property after a certain period upon compliance with its provisions, it certainly ought not, by construction or otherwise, to he extended to cases which do not plainly come within its purview, or other than those which upon the facts are properly denominated lost property. Money or goods, therefore, when found, although the owner is unknown, which has been hidden in the earth by him for safe-keeping, is not property of which he has involunti-rily parted with the possession, or lost property, to which the statute applies; and in such case, if the finder undertakes to treat or deal with it as lost property his acts thereby will not impair the title of the true owner or defeat his right to recover it. But did the act of the defendant in thus treating the money constitute conversion ? It must be admitted that prior to the distribution of the money according to the statute, all the acts of the defendant by advertisement and otherwise were done, not in derogation of "the rights of the owner, but to ascertain who was such owner, and for the purpose of satisfactory proof of delivering his property to him. As these means failed to ascertain to whom the — 279 — money belonged, and there being no clue by any marks to its ownership, upon the assumption that the statute governed in the premises, and that the finders would be liable to suit unless distributed according to its provisions, the defendant for thorn delivered one half to the county and the other half to the finders. In doing this he asserted no right or title of himself or them to the money, nor any as against the owner or his representatives who were unknownj but he acted in good faith, upon the mistaken as- u-nption that tho law required him or those for whom he acted to do what was done. The defendant did not assume the right to dispose of the property, nor to assert any dominion over it by virtue of any claim of title of his own or the finders, and consequently there was no conversion nor any prejudice to the rights of the plaintiff by the instruction complained of. The iudgment must be affirmed.