Eddy v. Coldwell

Lord, C. J. (after stating the facts). — At common law no execution could be issued upon a judgment after the expiration of a year and a day, unless an execution had been taken out and returned during that time. When this had not been done within that period, the judgment became inoperative or, as it is usually called, dormant, and so continued until it was revived by a writ of scire facias. This is a writ founded upon the judgment, the object of which is to obtain authority to have an execution issued thereon; and ordering the defendant to show cause, if any there be, why such execution should not issue. The writ presents the plaintiff’s whole case, and constitutes the declaration to which the defendant must plead. It serves the double purpose of a writ and deciaration, and as its object is to revive a dormant judgment, and not create one anew, it is not an original process but a judicial writ. While scire facias is not an original process by which an action is commenced, it is considered to be so far original that the defendant may plead to it: Winder v. Caldwell, 14 How. 434. Lord Coke said that a scire facias is to be “accounted in law in the nature of an action,” because the defendant could plead to it, and so the books have often said since; but the facts it recites assert no cause of action beyond or back of the judgment upon which it is based: Co. Lit. 2906; Fenner v. Evans, 1 Term, 268; Bilbo v. Allen, 4 Heisk, 31. A scire facias cannot therefore be regarded as a new or an original action, when the plaintiff is not required to file any new declaration or rule the defendant to plead, and when no new judgment is rendered on it, but it is merely a continuation of the old one. Referring to the fact that scire facias is sometimes spoken of as a new action, Mr. Freeman has well observed that “the object sought and the result accomplished by a scire facias to revive a judgment, both show that it is not a new action, but merely a continuation of the old one; no cause of action beyond — 167 — the old judgment can be asserted; no ground of defense anterior to the old judgment can be brought forward; no relief beyond that embraced in the old judgment can be obtained; and finally, the judgment entered upon the scire facias is simply “that the plaintiff have execution for the judgment in the said scire facias and costs, ” and whatever destroys the effect of the original judgment also destroys the effect of its revival by scire facias 2 Freeman, § 442. Hence the only defenses to a scire, facias were either nul tiel record, or payment, or accord and satisfaction, or some other matter which showed that the judgment had been discharged; It may also be noted that by the form of the writ the intent is to give notice to the defendant to show cause, if any there be, why execution shall not issue; yet in practice the cases show that the issuance of execution or revival of the judgment without such notice, is not fatal to its validity. Where the judgment is revived by scire facias without any actual notice, the defendant may afterwards present his defense by audita querela, or upon motion to be relieved, if the revivor of the judgment was improper: Freem. Ex. § 89. But this goes to show that a judgment revived by scire facias in such case, although without actual notice, is not void but voidable. The consequences are the same as the issuance of an execution after a year and a day without a scire facias — the writ is voidable but not void. The defendant may take proceedings to have it set aside, but if he neglected to do so, others cannot do it for him, nor can he attack it collaterally, and a levy and sale under it are sufficient to transfer title: Freem. Ex. § 29. Turning now to section 295, we are to inquire whether its provisions were intended as a substitute for the writ of scire facias to revive a dormant judgment only aiming to accomplish the result sought by it; or to provide an essentially different remedy, which, in substance and effect, is a new action, and the result to be obtained by it, a new judgment, and which is to be pursued exclusively, rendering any execution issued five years after — 168 — its entry without any proceeding to obtain leave upon notice duly given to the party to be affected by it, fatal to its validity, and all proceedings under it void and ineffectual to pass title. Section 295 provides: “Whenever, after the entry of a judgment, a period of five years shall elapse without an execution being issued on such judgment, thereafter an execution shall not issue except as in this section provided.” Then follow six subdivisions of said section, prescribing and regulating the mode of procedure to obtain leave of the court to issue execution. Subdivision 1 provides that the party in whose favor judgment is given shall file a motion with the clerk where the judgment is entered for leave to issue an execution, and that the motion shall state the names of the parties to the judgment, the date of its entry, and the amount claimed to be due thereon, and that the motion shall be subscribed and verified as a complaint. Subdivision 2 provides that at any time after filing such motion, the party may cause a summons to be served on the judgment debtor in like manner and with like effect as in an action at law; and that in case such judgment debtor be dead, the summons may be served upon his .representatives by publication, as in case of a non-resident, or by actual service of the summons. Subdivision 3 provides that the summons shall be substantially the same as in an action at law; but instead of the notice therein required, it shall state the amount claimed, or the property sought to be recov ered, in the manner prescribed by subdivision 1 of the section. Subdivision 4 provides that “the judgment debtor, or in case of his death, his representative, may file an answer to such motion within the time allowed to answer a complaint in an action at law, alleging any defense to such motion which may exist. If no answer be filed within the time prescribed, the motion shall be allowed of course. The moving party may demur or reply to the answer. The party opposed to the motion may demur to the same or to the reply. The pleadings — 169 — shall be subscribed and verified, and the proceedings conducted as in actions at law. ” Subdivision 5 provides what the word “representative” shall be deemed to include. Subdivision 6 provides that ‘ ‘ the order shall specify the amount for which execution is to issue, or the particular property the possession of which is to be delivered; it shall be entered in the journal and docketed as a judgment, and the roll thereafter prepared and filed as a final record of the proceedings, as the case may be, in the same manner as a judgment.” It will be observed that the mode of procedure by motion to revive a dormant judgment is adopted, so far as applicable, as in actions at law. It prescribes the mode to be pursued to obtain leave of the court to issue execution and secure the fruit of the dormant judgment, and if the result sought to be accomplished by the motion is the same as was obtained by scire facias, the mode does not affect the substance, and the motion was intended as a substitute for it. A glance at the subdivisions already set out will be sufficient to show that the motion, like the writ of scire facias, is a proceeding designed to make the parties interested show cause, if any there be, why an execution shall not issue, or the dormant judgment shall not be revived. There is no substantial difference between them, and the fact that this result can be as readily obtained by a motion and order as by a writ of scire facias fixes their identity, and indicates that the former was intended as a substitute for the latter. As Mr. Freeman says: “Practically, a writ of scire facias is nothing beyond a notice to the parties in interest that the applicant will, at a stated time, apply for a writ of execution, which notice is accompanied by a statement of the grounds upon which the application will be based.” But he adds: “A notice prepared and signed by the plaintiff or his attorney, and served by a copy on the defendants in the suit, if living, or on their representatives, if dead, would accomplish every useful purpose accomplished by the writ; while the order of the court, made after hearing the — 170 — motion specified in the notice, would afford relief as adequate as could be granted by a judgment on scire facias”: Freem. Ex. § 95. The whole purpose in either case is to recover the amount or the property established by the old judgment, and not to recover a judgment based on a new cause of action. Neither in one nor the other could any ground of defense or relief be obtained beyond that embraced in the old judgment; nor could any other defense be set up than nul tiel record, payment or matters going to show that the judgment was discharged. So that for all practical purposes the object of both were the same, and the motion and order only takes the place and serves the purpose sought to be accomplished by scire facias. In Strong v. Barnhart, 6 Or. 102, in referring to the proceeding under the statute by motion, Boise, J., said: ‘ ‘ This is a proceeding in the nature of a scire facias, which is a judicial writ to obtain execution on a judgment, and the same defenses only can be pleaded in this proceeding that were pleaded to a scire facias”-, thus recognizing that the proceeding by motion was the same in nature, allowing no different defenses, and designed to perform the same office and obtain the same result. Nor is there anything in Pursel v Deal, 16 Or. 299 (18 Pac. Rep. 401), to the contrary. It is true than Strahan, J., spoke of the proceeding by motion under the statute as a “cause of action,” but by that was only meant that a party in whose favor a judgment had been given had the right to institute proceedings by motion to obtain an order to issue execution upon a dormant judgment. It is insisted, however, that section 295 prohibits the issuing of an execution in any other mode, or upon any other conditions than those prescribed; that negative words are employed which render the section mandatory. 'The section provides: * * * “An execution shall not issue except as in this section provided. 1. The party in whose favor a judgment is given shall file a motion with the clerk of the court where the judgment is entered for leave to file an execution. * * * 2. At any time after — 171 — filing such motion the party may cause a summons to be served on the judgment debtor in like manner and with like effect as in actions at law. ” Prior to the enactment of the present statute, our statute upon this subject was like the New York statute, from which it was taken, and provided that ‘ an execution can be issued only by leave of the court upon motion, with personal notice to the adverse party.” In all substantial particulars these provisions of the statutes are the same, and intended to afford the same relief. The present statute points out where the motion shall be filed, what it shall contain, and the summons to be served. The prior statute points out that it shall be upon motion, which necessarily would contain in Substance what our present statute directs, and which was formerly recited in the writ of scire facias, and with personal notice to the adverse party, which is in effect nothing more than is accomplished by the service of the summons. All that can be said is, that the proceeding under the present statute is better and more definite, but the purpose is identical, and no new or different remedy is substituted. The intention is to provide the same protection to the judgment debtor as was provided at common law by scire facias, or as was provided by the former statute. In view of the considerations suggested, and the purpose to be served by proceedings to obtain authority to issue execution upon a dormant judgment, there is no substantial difference between the words of the present statute, “shall not issue except,” and the former statute, “can be issued only.” What is the difference between saying that an execution can be issued only by leave of the court on motion, and an execution shall not issue except the party file a motion, etc. ? The inference is just as strong in one case as in the other, that the execution cannot issue “except.” or only on the conditions prescribed. One is as mandatory as the other. The bare words in, either case, considered apart from the nature of the proceeding and the purpose it is designed to serve, might well be — 172 — construed as mandatory, rendering proceedings in disregard of the statute a nullity. Looking at the previous state of the law, it is plain that under either the former or present statute, the inten tion was to prescribe a mode of proceeding which was to be pursued in such case, but not to affect the jurisdiction in case there was an omission to follow the mode of procedure as prescribed. At common law, if an execution was not taken within a year and a day, it could not be regularly issued thereafter without reviving the judgment by scire facias; yet it was invariably held that an execution taken out after that time, and without scire facias or judgment of revivor, was not void but only irregular. The defendant mighi interpose and set it aside upon motion, but if he neglected to do so, it was considered an implied admission that the judgment was still in full force. The application of this principle finds its illustration in Mariner v. Coon, 16 Wis. *468, where the question presented was, whether an execution issued upon a dormant judgment without leave of court is void or only voidable; but where it was insisted, as here, that the statute, in providing that “an execution can be issued only by leave of the court, upon motion,” rendered void any execution not issued except in the mode prescribed, the court says: “But the Code (sections 192 and 193 of the original act, now sections 1 and 2 of chapter 134, revised statutes) prescribes a different practice, and it is upon this that the counsel for the defendant chiefly relies. When the execution in controversy was issued, the period was fixed at two years from the entry of judgment. It is now enlarged to five. After that period has elapsed, it is provided that ‘an execution can be issued only by leave of the court upon, motion,’ etc. This language is said to take away all power, except it be acquired in the manner prescribed, and to render every process issued in contravention of it void for want of jurisdiction. Were we to suppose the legislature to be speaking with reference to the question — 173 — of power, then there is nothing in their language inconsistent with the position of counsel, and we might adopt his views. Upon looking to the previous state of the law and to other provisions of the act, we see very clearly that it was a matter of practice with which the legislature was dealing; a question as to the form of proceeding which should thenceforth be pursued, and not one which necessarily affected “the jurisdiction in case the new practice was not complied with. By section 33 of the original act, the writ of scire facias is virtually abolished. The remedies hereafter obtainable in that form may be obtained by civil action under the provisions of the Code. But by the particular provision of section 2, chapter 134, above referred to, the remedy by motion to revive a judgment which has become dormant by the lapse of time is substituted. Hence the peculiar significance of the word ‘only, upon which the counsel insists so strongly to show a want of jurisdiction. The execution shall be issued only upon a motion, otherwise the plaintiff might resort to the remedy by civil action. It appears, therefore, that the consequences of a departure from the practice prescribed by statute are the same as they were at common law. ” This view is supported in Bank of Genesee v. Spencer, 18 N. Y. 154, where the language of the statute was that ‘ ‘ an execution can be issued only by leave of the court, upon motion with personal notice, ” etc., the court saying: ‘ ‘ There was always a time after which the party who had recovered judgment was not at liberty to sue out execution without an application to the court. Formerly the time was a year and a day; and the form of obtaining an award of execution when one had not been issued in time, was by scire facias quare executionem non. Afterwards it was extended by the Revised Statutes to two years. By the Code it was further extended, as we have seen, to five years, and the mode of obtaining leave was an application to the court on motion. Under the former practice, it was well settled that the execution, if issued too late, was not — 174 — void: Woodcock v. Bennett, 1 Cow. 711 (13 Am. Dec. 568). It was liable to be set aside on*motion; but such motion, like all others, must be made promptly; and if it appeared that the defendant had consented to the execution being issued, or if there were any circumstances which in fairness and equity precluded him from availing himself of the irregularity, the motion would not prevail: Morris v. Jones, 2 Barn. & Cress. 232. There is no reason why the samé practice should not prevail under the Code. ” See also Winebrener v. Johnson, 7 Abb. Pr. N. S. 205; Union Bank v. Sargeant, 53 Barb. 422. The same principles of construction were applied in Lawrence v. Grambling, 13 S. C. 120, upon the provision of the statute of South Carolina providing that ‘ ‘ an execution can be issued only by leave of the court upon motion,” etc., the court saying: “It is very clear that the provisions introduced by the Code and the act of 1873 as a substitute for the writ of scire facias as theretofore used, should be construed as giving to the remedy provided as such substitute the same force and effect, when not otherwise provided, as the proceedings by scire facias. There is nothing in the provisions of the Code, as it originally stood, or as it now stands under the amendment of 1873, that fixes the consequences that should result from the failure of a party to obtain leave of the court, where such leave is necessary. We must recur to the former practice to ascertain whether the failure to bring a scire facias where necessary, rendered the execution issued without such proceeding absolutely void, or merely voidable on the ground of irregularity. This proposition was decided in Ingram v. Belk, 2 Strob. 208 (47 Am. Dec. 591), where it is said that in such cases the execution is merely voidable, and not void. ” While it is true there are some courts which have declared executions issued without an order of the court void, Mr. Freeman expresses the opinion that “these decisions are in the main based on a misconception of the rules generally applied at common law to executions — 175 — issued on dormant judgments in the absence of their revivor by scire facias": Freem. Ex. §§ 27, 29. And while it is also true that by section 354 of the Code the writ of scire facias, the writ of quo warranto, etc., are abolished, yet the section provides that the remedies heretofore obtainable under those forms may still be obtained by an action at law in the mode prescribed by the statute. It is only the form that is abrogated, the jurisdiction and power of the courts are not touched, nor the right to seek and reach through them all the remedy that the writ of scire facias once afforded: Wilson v. Shively, 10 Or. 273; State v. Douglas County Road Co. id. 199; People v. Hall, 80 N. Y. 119. There is nothing in the statute indicating that the failure of a party to obtain leave of the court renders the execution void. No such consequences are directly or indirectly declared. On the contrary, the courts hold, with rare exceptions; in construing similar statutes, that no such consequences were intended or do result; that the intention of the legislature was not to take away all power from the execution unless it had been acquired by pursuing the mode prescribed; that it was not dealing with the question of power, but providing a new mode of procedure thenceforth to be pursued as a substitute for the former practice. These considerations, in view of the previous condition of the law, indicate that the intention was to provide a form of proceeding to accomplish the same result as was obtained by scire facias, without affecting the jurisdiction in case an execution was issued without such proceeding. This view renders it unnecessary to consider any of the other propositions discussed by either counsel. It results that the judgment must be affirmed.