Moss v. Rose

Opinion by Mr. Justice Moore. 1. A careful examination of the evidence leads us to the conclusion that the court very properly found that there was an agreement, by the terms of which the plaintiffs, in consideration of their labor and expense in constructing the ditch, should have the right to appropriate one half the water conducted therein, for the purpose of irrigating their lands; and hence the principal question to be considered is whether the defendant, by not appropriating the water till eighteen hundred and ninety, had abandoned all his interests therein. The ditch having been constructed under an agreement between the parties that each should be entitled to appropriate his share of the waters of Carter Creek, rendered the parties tenants in common of the ditch and right of appropriation, and the defendant’s property rights must [598] be governed by the rules of law regulating such: Black’s Pomeroy on Water Rights, §63; Freeman on Cotenancy, § 88. Had the plaintiffs abandoned that ditch, and made a subsequent appropriation through another, there might have been just reason for considering the effect of the defendant’s delay in applying the water so diverted to some beneficial purpose; but the continued use of the water by the plaintiffs is presumed to be in maintenance of the rights of the defendant for whom they held it as tenants in common: Gunter v. Laffan, 7 Cal. 588. And even if their possession was adverse, it has not continued a sufficient length of time to entitle them to any rights by prescription. 2. Examining the evidence from which an inference of the defendant’s intention to abandon the appropriation is to be deduced, we find that in the spring of eighteen hundred and eighty-two he dug a short ditch about one mile above his land, and built a dam in Carter Creek, by means of which he turned a portion of the waters of that stream into a slough, from which he constructed a ditch and recaptured the water thus diverted. With this, and water diverted from Sucker Creek, which he tapped by another ditch, he was enabled to irrigate that portion of his land lying east of Carter Creek, and, after having reduced the same to cultivation, he, in eighteen hundred and ninety, commenced to improve the tract on the west side of said creek. It is manifest that from the time the defendant appropriated the water, until eighteen hundred and ninety, he had exercised due and reasonable diligence in reducing his land lying east of Carter Creek to cultivation. He had in that time changed an arid sage brush plain of about one hundred acres into a productive farm, and, having succeeded in providing sufficient water for the irrigation of his land lying east of the creek, he immediately turned his- attention to the improvement of [599] that on the west. Having in eighteen hundred Mid eighty-three made a diversion of the waters of Carter Creek by the ditch in question, the defendant was required to use due and reasonable diligence in appropriating the waters so diverted to some beneficial use. But having made two diversions, — one from Sucker and the other from Carter Creek, — it could not be expected that he must needs abandon the former in order to protect his interest in the latter, nor that he should alternately appropriate the waters of each stream, and make his improvements on both sides of Carter Creek, in order to maintain his original rights. Reasonable diligence only was required, and the evidence shows that the defendant faithfully prosecuted the improvement of his lands, adding each year to the area in cultivation. Upon these facts, we cannot say his intention to abandon the use of the waters in Carter Creek has been established by that degree of proof required in such cases (Black’s Pomeroy on Water Rights, § 97); and, as a matter of law, we conclude that the plaintiffs, as tenants in common, held the possession for and maintained the rights of the defendant: Mining Company v. Taylor, 100 U. S. 37; Clymer v. Dawkins, 44 U. S. (3 How.) 674. 3. The evidence also shows that the plaintiffs neglected to repair the ditch, in consequence of which it became obstructed, causing an overflow of water on the defendant’s land, which washed out quite a gully therein. This, no doubt, precipitated the difficulty, and caused the defendant to take out the headgate and fill the ditch, thereby preventing the water from flowing to the plaintiff’s lands, for which injury the court rendered a judgment against the defendant for fifty dollars as damages. In our view of the case, the defendant was equally liable with the plaintiffs for the expense of keeping the ditch in repair, and the failure of the latter to keep up repairs [600] upon it at their own expense did not authorize the defendant to fill it, for which reason the judgment for damages rendered against him will be allowed to remain. The plaintiffs will be allowed to appropriate one-half of the waters diverted, and required to bear one-half of the expense of maintaining the ditch across the defendant’s lands, and, for the purpose of performing their part of the work, they must have the right of entry upon the said lands of defendant along the banks of the ditch. And in case of the default of either party, the other may complete the necessary repairs, and thereupon the party in default shall be liable for one-half the expense therof. The decree of the court below will be modified, and one here entered in accordance with his opinion. Modified.