State v. Security Savings Co.

Opinion by Mr. Chief Justice Bean. 1. On this appeal two questions have been presented for consideration: First, whether the order overruling defendant’s demurrer and requiring it to answer the information and interrogatories as prayed for in the bill is an appealable order; and, seeond, whether the information states facts sufficient to constitute a bill of discovery. The right of appeal is purely statutory, and unless the order from which defendant’s appeal is taken is a final order, judgment, or decreo within the meaning of the statute, the appeal, of course, cannot be entertained. The law, as we understand it, is that an order or decree is final for the purposes of an appeal when it determines the rights of the parties, and no further questions can arise before the court rendering it except such as are necessary to be determined in carrying it into effect: Freeman on Judgments, § 36; Elliott on Appellate Procedure, § 90; St. Louis and Iron Mountain Railroad Company v. Southern Express Company, 108 U. S. 24 (2 Sup. Ct. 6). Within this principle we think the present order or decree is final. The suit was brought for — 418 — the sole and only purpose of obtaining from the defendant an answer under oath to the several interrogatories, and for no other relief. The information is a pure bill of discovery in aid of a contemplated action at law, asking no relief; and the only litigated question in the case is the right of the informant to the discovery sought. When, therefore, the demurrer was overruled, and the court held that the plaintiff was entitled to the relief demanded, and ordered and directed the defendant to answer the ifiterrogatories, it effectually determined all the issues in the case, and ended the controversy between the parties so far as it could do so, leaving nothing to be done but to enforce its determination as made. No subsequent question could arise in the ease except as to the form or sufficiency of the defendant’s answers, and, therefore, in our opinion, it was a final order or decree within the meaning of the statute, and consequently appealable; otherwise the defendant would be without remedy by an appeal, though it should be admitted that the order complained of was in violation of its clear legal rights. If, as contended by the plaintiff, before it can appeal it must comply with the order of the court and answer fully the information and interrogatories, an appeal would be a vain and useless proceeding, for the sole object of the suit would have been accomplished, and defendant’s appeal could avail it nothing. 2. In support of the demurrer it is contended that the information is insufficient as a bill of discovery, because it does not aver any facts showing a right of action in favor of the plaintiff and against the defendant in aid of which the discovery is sought, while the contention for plaintiff is that the section of the statute under which it was filed does not contemplate a — 419 — common-law bill oí discovery, but an inquisitorial proceeding to compel a bank or banking institution to disclose by answers to interrogatories propounded to it whether it holds or is in possession of any property which has escheated or may escheat to the state, in order that the proper action may be brought in case escheated property is thus discovered. In a word, the effect of plaintiff’s contention is that the statute is intended to enable the plaintiff to fish for a cause of action, and not to prove an exisiting case out of its opponent’s mouth, or from documents in its possession, as is the object and purpose of the common-law bill of discovery. The statute in question provides that “when the governor is informed, or has reason to believe, that any bank, banker, or banking institution in this state now has or holds on deposit, or otherwise, any fund, funds, or other property of any kind or nature which has escheated to this state, he shall direct the district attorney in the district where such bank or banking institution is located to file in the circuit court an information or bill of discovery, with proper interrogatories to be answered by the owner, agent, or manager of such bank or banking institution, and, upon the filing of such information or bill, the court shall order and direct, at a time to be desig-' nated in said bill, that said owner, agent, or manager of such bank or banking institution shall, under oath, file an answer to said information and interrogatories, and shall specially answer each and every interrogatory contained in such information or bill. If it appears to the court from such answer that said bank, banker, or banking institution has any property in its possession which has escheated or may escheat to this state, it shall direct the said bank, banker, or banking ■institution forthwith to bring the same into such court, — 420 — and the court shall proceed to dispose of said property as provided elsewhere in this act”: Hill’s Code, § 3143. Under this statute, whenever the governor is informed or has reason to believe that a bank is in possession of any fund, funds, or other property which has escheated to the state, he is required to direct the proper district attorney to file an information or bill of discovery, with proper interrogatories bo be answered by the bank; but, there being no statutory provision as to what the bill shall contain, it seems to us the principles and doctrines governing such proceedings which have long been settled by courts of equity must apply to and determine the sufficiency of the proceedings under the statute. A bill of discovery has a well known and universally recognized meaning in the law, and, in the absence of anything in the statute to the contrary, it is but fair to presume that the legislature intended to use the term in its generally accepted legal sense. In that sense it is a mere instrument of procedure in aid of relief sought by the party in some other judicial controversy, filed for the sole purpose of proving the plaintiff’s case from the defendant’s own mouth, or from documents in his possession, and asking no relief in the suit except it may be a temporary stay of the proceedings in another suit to which the discovery relates: Pomeroy’s Equity Jurisprudence, § 191. As so construed, the design of the statute is to authorize the governor to direct the district attorney to file an information or bill of discovery whenever he is in possession of facts the averment of which -Would support such a proceeding, and not otherwise. This is strengthened by the fact that before the governor can direct the proceedings to be commenced he must be informed or have reason to believe that the bank — 421 — has in its possession some fund or other property which has escheated to the state, and this seems to negative the idea that he may cause a proceeding to be instituted for the purpose of searching for such information, or for some facts upon which to base his belief. The statute does not authorize the information or bill of discovery to be filed at the pleasure of the governor, but only when he is informed that the bank is in possession of escheated property, or when he has knowledge of such facts and circumstances as give him reason to so believe. If he is so informed, he may direct the district attorney to file the proper information without a bill of discovery; but if, from the facts and circumstances within his knowledge, he deems it advisable, he may direct that a bill of discovery, setting out such facts and circumstances, be filed in aid of an action at law about to be brought, and thus require the bank to answer interrogatories concerning the condition, amount, etc., of the particular fund or property which he has reason to believe is in its possession, and has escheated to the state. But, as we read the statute, he has no authority to institute purely inquisitorial proceedings in an endeavor to unearth some possible cause of action, and thus require the bank not only to disclose but to make a public record of the confidential and private relations existing between it and its depositors, without a showing of any kind that the whole proceeding will not be fruitless in every way. Before such a proceeding can be maintained, it should clearly appear that the legislature so intended. We think, therefore, the sufficiency of the bill in this case must be determined by the ordinary rules defining the nature and scope of bills of discovery. Such bills had their origin in the fact that under the inflexible rules of the common law — 422 — the parties to an action were incompetent as witnesses, and no means were provided by which an adverse party could be compelled to produce documents in his possession for the use of his opponent on the trial. For this reason resort was early had, in courts of equity, to bills of discovery in aid of an action at law either then pending or about to be commenced, by which either party could obtain the testimony of his adversary, or compel the production of documents in his possession material to his case. And while our statute has made the parties competent witnesses, and furnishes a simple, expeditious, and summary means by which one party may obtain the evidence of another, or compel the production of documents in his possession, the proceeding by bill of discovery perhaps still remains, although the necessity for resort to such a remedy is much lessened. But, if so, the fundamental principles governing such a bill have remained unchanged, and are as binding today as they have ever been. Its object is to enable the plaintiff to obtain from his opponent evidence material to his case, either by requiring him to answer under oath interrogatories the answers to which may be used on the trial of the action at law, or to produce documents in his possession material to plaintiff’s case. But it is never suffered to be used to enable him to fish out a case to bring, or a defense to offer, and the interrogatories contained in such a bill must be directed to the inquiry as to whether a specific fact is true, and not as to what are the facts of some supposed case: 62 Law Times, 146. Consequently it has long been established that among the essential and indispensible requisites of such a bill are that it must disclose on its face a cause of action in favor of the plaintiff in aid of — 423 — which it is brought, and that the information sought is material thereto. In the language of Mr. Daniel, it must state “the matter touching which discovery is sought, the interest of the plaintiff and defendant in the subject, and the facts and circumstances upon which the right of the plaintiff to require the discovery from the defendant is founded”: 2 Daniel’s Chancery Pleading and Practice (6th Am. ed.),'"T557. And Mr. Story says that “If the bill does not show such a case as renders the discovery material to support or defend a suit, it is plainly not a case for the interposition of the court. Therefore, where a plaintiff filed a bill for a discovery merely to support an action, which he alleged by his bill he intended to commence in a court of common law, although by this allegation he brought his case within the jurisdiction of a court of equity to compel a discovery, yet, the court being of the opinion that the case stated by the bill was not such as would support an action at law, a demurrer was allowed. For, unless the plaintiff had a title to recover in an action at law, supposing his case to be true, he had no title to the assistance of a court of equity to obtain from the confession of the defendant evidence of the truth of the case”: Story’s Equity Pleading, § 319. And by Mr. Pomeroy it is said, “The plaintiff in the discovery suit must show by his averments, at least in a prima, fade manner, that if he is the plaintiff in the action at law he has a good cause of action, and if he is the defendant, he has a good defense thereto”: Pomeroy's Equity Jurisprudence, § 198. And in Mayor of London v. Levy, 8 Vesey, Jr., 398, Lord Chancellor Eldon, in enforcing the rule that the bill must set forth with reasonable certainty the nature of the action which is bi’ought, or, if not brought, the nature of the claim or — 424 — right to support which the action is intended to be brought, remarks “That where the bill avers that an action is brought, or, where the necessary effect in law of the case stated by the' bill appears to be that the plaintiff has a right to bring an action, he has a right to a discovery to aid that action so alleged to be brought, or which he appears to have a right and an intention to bring, cannot be disputed. But it has never yet been, nor can it be, laid down that you can file a bill, not venturing to state who are the persons against whom the action is to be brought, not stating such circumstances as may enable the court, which must be taken to know the law, and therefore the liabilities of the defendants, to judge, but stating circumstances; and averring, that you have a right to an action against the defendants or some of them. ” Indeed, to this effect are all the authorities: Story’s Equity Jurisprudence, § 1493a; Adams’ Equity, 133; 2 Beach’s Equity Jurisprudence, § 858; Bailey v. Dean, 5 Barb. 297; Newkirk v. Willett, 2 Caine’s Cases, 296. Applying these rules to the case before us, the bill must fail. It does not purport to show that the plaintiff has a cause of action against the defendant, but discloses on its face, both by averment and by the interrogatories, that it is simply searching for one. The averments are that the proposed action cannot be commenced until the plaintiff learns from the defendant “the name of the depositor, the amount and nature of the deposit, and date of deposit of such funds or other property as are now in the possession of the defendant, which have escheated to the state,” and that such action is to be “for the recovery of such sums or other property as may be found in the custody of said defendant bank.” It is true the information alleges that divers and sundry depositors — 425 — have since the date of making their deposits died intestate, without heirs, leaving sundry and divers amounts of money on deposit and in custody of the bank, which has escheated to the state. But this does not state a cause of action in favor of the plaintiff and against the defendant. As shown by the other parts of the information, it is but the merest guess, based on no facts whatever, unless it is that the defendant has been in the banking business for four years, and it is barely possible, although nothing appears to render it probable, that some person or persons may have died intestate, without heirs, leaving money or property in possession of the bank. But mere possibilities are not enough to sustain a proceeding of this kind. It must be based upon some tangible and substantial facts. Indeed, the information states no case whatever. It is clear from the allegations and interrogatories that the animating cause which prompted the suit was simply a hope that something would result from the investigation. No action at law could be maintained, so far as the bill discloses, upon the information sought to be obtained by it, unless upon further investigation it should be ascertained that some of the depositors whose names are sought by this suit have died intestate and without heirs. If defendant was required to answer the interrogatories, and should place the plaintiff in possession of all the information sought by the bill, it would still require further investigation and proof to show that the depositors or some of them died intestate and without heirs; so that the bill not only fails to show a cause of action in favor of plaintiff, but the discovery sought, even if obtained, would not furnish facts upon which to base one. It is true it might furnish data which would lead to the discov — 426 — ery of evidence sufficient to support an action by the state to recover escheated property. But from the earliest times the courts have with one voice declared their hostility to such proceedings. “I am not to compel a discovery to create evidence for some future case,” says Lord Eldon in Finch v. Finch, 2 Vesey, Sr., 490, decided in seventeen hundred and fifty-two, and Judge Story declares that “No discovery will be compelled except of facts material to the case stated by the plaintiff, for otherwise he might file a bill and insist upon a knowledge of facts wholly impertinent to his case, and thus compel disclosures in which he had no interest; to gratify his malice or his curiosity or his spirit of oppression. In such a case his bill would be most aptly denominated a mere fishing bill”: 2 Story’s Equity Jurisprudence, § 1497. So universal is this rule that it is needless to cite further authorities in its support. The information or bill does not name the person or persons whose property it is claimed has escheated to the state, nor are the interrogatories directed to an inquiry as to any specific fact or fund, or the condition of the account of any particular person or persons, but it is a mere inquisitorial investigation of defendant’s business affairs, with the possibility that such investigation may disclose the existence of some fund or property, which, upon further inquiry, the informant may determine has es-cheated to the state, and for which an action at law or some other proper proceeding may be instituted. Whether some such investigation into the affairs of a bank ought to be made is a question for the legislature, but until it so provides there is no rule of law of which we are aware that will permit it to be done, The decree of the court below is reversed, and the bill dismissed. Dismissed.